• 자동차안전학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.39-44
• /
• 2013

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause (70%) of children injury and fatality. 98% of Children under the age of 9 who came to emergency room with a traffic accident are not seated in CRS. Reduction in mortality when using CRS (NHTSA study), 71% for infants of 1-2 years old, 54% for 3-6 years old and 7-12 years old. It is very important and essential to use CRS for child passenger safety. But in Korean market, the CRS fitment rate is relatively low (20~40%). For European market, at the start of 2013, Euro NCAP started to check how easy it is to install the most common seats. And US market, NHTSA is planning a new consumer information program of CRS fitment for near future. This study examines CRS installation performance of 3 vehicles which are produced by GM Korea and 21 CRS which are based on sales volume in Korean market. Purpose of this study is to identify both vehicle and CRS design that causes bad interaction for CRS installation.

• 한국항공운항학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.29-30
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study is to closely examine relationship of the system re-use intention depending on CRS technology acceptance. Accordingly, questionnaire was widely distributed to 160 CRS users by convenient sampling targeting people in charge of task among employees for airlines and travel agencies, who are working-level staffs for CRS. Among these things, totally 142 valid materials were used in analysis. The analytical data processing was utilized SPSSWIN VER 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. The findings can be summarized as follows. Influential variables in CRS technology acceptance had significant influence upon the perceived ease use, the perceived usability, and the re-use intention. Also, the significant positive(+) influence was revealed to be had upon the perceived usability by the perceived ease use and upon the re-use intention by the perceived usability and ease use.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.273-283
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 문제풀이 중심으로 운영되는 고등학교 생명과학 수업에서 교육매체의 일종인 교실응답시스템(CRS)의 활용 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 교수 학습 전략으로 CRS 활용반(34명)은 학생들이 CRS단말기로 응답한 결과를 교사가 즉시 파악하고 개인별 응답 이유를 질문한 후 피드백을 하였다. 비교반(35명)에서는 CRS를 사용하지 않았으며 학생들에게 일괄적인 피드백을 하였다. 연구 결과, CRS 활용이 학생들로 하여금 수업 활동에 흥미와 집중력을 높여주는 것으로 인식되었다. 그러나 학업 성취도의 향상에 있어서 CRS 활용반과 비교반 사이에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 다만 성적 수준에 따라 그룹을 나누었을 때, 중위그룹에서는 CRS 활용반과 비교반 사이에 학업 성취도의 향상에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 진단평가 및 형성평가에서 CRS 활용의 효과를 높이기 위해서는 다양한 수준의 문제들을 사전에 개발하고, 학생들의 응답 이유를 정확히 파악하여 더욱 많은 학생들에게 개인별 맞춤형 피드백을 할 수 있는 교수 전략의 개발이 필요함을 제안한다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제6권6호
• /
• pp.505-512
• /
• 2012

Many aging male suffer various andropause symptoms including loss of physical and mental activities. This study evaluated the putative alleviative effects of CRS-10 dandelion and rooibos extract complex (CRS-10) on the symptoms of andropause. The survival rate of TM3 Leydig cells (TM3 cells) treated with CRS-10 was measured based on typical physiological stress. After daily intake of CRS-10 for 4 weeks, the level of testosterone, physical activity and both the number and activity of sperm in older rats (18 weeks) were measured. Furthermore, thirty males were surveyed with AMS (Aging Males' Symptoms) questionnaire after intake of 400 mg of CRS-10. Overall, CRS-10 protected TM3 cells from serum restriction and oxidative stress via activation of ERK and Akt pathways. The level of testosterone and activation of spermatogenesis in rats were significantly enhanced. In addition, physical locomotion was markedly improved. Daily intake of 400 mg of CRS-10 improved the quality of life among agingmale respondents, according to a clinical survey using the AMS. The results indicate the potential of CRS-10 as a safe and efficacious natural substance for reducing or alleviating andropause symptoms.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.311-317
• /
• 2003

일정변형속도 압밀시험(CRS)을 이용하여 점성토의 팽창지수 산정 특성을 조사하였다. CRS압밀시험에서 재하단계의 변형률은 0.05%/min와 0.03%/min을 적용하였으며, 재하단계에서는 재하단계의 변형속도의 1/1, l/5, 1/10, 1/15에 해당하는 변형속도를 적용하였다. 표준압밀시험과 비교하여 팽창지수를 산정한 결과 1/5∼1/10정도의 변형속도를 적용했을 때 서로 유사한 팽창지수가 산정되었다. 또한, 유효응력과 과잉간극수압비의 관계에서 교차점이 존재함을 알았으며 이 교차점을 기준으로 변형속도에 의존적인 부분과 비의존적인 부분이 존재함을 알 수 있었다.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.111-121
• /
• 2003

In order to explore the cosmic ray acceleration at the cosmological shocks, we have performed numerical simulations of one-dimensional, plane-parallel, cosmic ray (CR) modified shocks with the newly developed CRASH (Cosmic Ray Amr SHock) numerical code. Based on the hypothesis that strong Alfven waves are self-generated by streaming CRs, the Bohm diffusion model for CRs is adopted. The code includes a plasma-physics-based 'injection' model that transfers a small proportion of the thermal proton flux through the shock into low energy CRs for acceleration there. We found that, for strong accretion shocks with Mach numbers greater than 10, CRs can absorb most of shock kinetic energy and the accretion shock speed is reduced up to $20\%$, compared to pure gas dynamic shocks. Although the amount of kinetic energy passed through accretion shocks is small, since they propagate into the low density intergalactic medium, they might possibly provide acceleration sites for ultra-high energy cosmic rays of $E\ll10^{18}eV$. For internal/merger shocks with Mach numbers less than 3, however, the energy transfer to CRs is only about $10-20\%$ and so nonlinear feedback due to the CR pressure is insignificant. Considering that intracluster medium (ICM) can be shocked repeatedly, however, the CRs generated by these weak shocks could be sufficient to explain the observed non-thermal signatures from clusters of galaxies.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.389-401
• /
• 2003

The changes in structure and abundance of taxon or species groups in the East Sea ecosystem were compared between pre- and post-Climatic Regime Shift (CRS) occurred in the mid 1970s using an ECOPATH model. Although the East Sea ecosystem consisted of primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and terminal consumers most species groups were classified as secondary consumers. The mean trophic level between pre- and post-CRS increased from 3.09 during the pre-CRS period to 3.28 during the post-CRS period. Total biomass of the species groups in the East Sea ecosystem increased by $9\%$ due to the CRS, and total catch increased by $48\%.$ The most significant differences between pre- and post-CRS models occurred at the mid/high trophic levels occupied by fishes and cephalopods. Relative contribution of the different species groups to the total energy flow was calculated for the trophic level III. As a result, the status by the dominant species in the East Sea ecosystem shifted from cephalopods to walleye pollock due to the CRS. Relative contribution of 5 species, which were commercially important, such as Pacific saury, Pacific sardine, filefish, walleye pollock and sandfish in trophic level III, were also changed due to the CRS. Finally, the CRS turned out to cause large variations in biomass and catch of fisheries resources as well as the status and role of the major species.

• 자동차안전학회지
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 2017

For years, Q1.5 (anthropomorphic test device for 1.5 years old infant) and Q3 (anthropomorphic test device for 3 years old infant) dummy protection has been improved considerably by the effort of EuroNCAP. ISOFIX strength of vehicle structure has increased and many child occupant protection tests have made child restraint system (hereafter CRS) optimized for child safety. However, from 2016, EuroNCAP changed the dummy which is used for the child occupant protection from Q1.5/Q3 to Q6/Q10 and these were also adopted in KNCAP from 2017. Therefore, a new method is required to secure the safety for older children In this research, child dummies were tested by using adult safety systems, and the different results from each adult restraint system were compared. Finally, dummies were tested with the CRS harness belt commonly used for infants, which has yielded significant result. In this research, mid-sized sedan and small SUV were used for the test. The researchers of this paper performed sled tests to correlate between the different adult safety belt system and child injury. Following the sled test, an actual vehicle test was conducted to gather the injury data of Q-dummy with the CRS harness belts. This paper will show the advantages of applying a pre-tensioner in the second row for child protection and the necessity of CRS which has its own harness belts to improve safety for older children.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제78권1호
• /
• pp.87-102
• /
• 2021

Long span cross-rope suspension structure is an innovative structural system evolved from typical Cross-Rope Suspension (CRS) guyed tower, a type of supporting system with short span suspension cable supporting overhead power transmission lines. In mountainous areas, the span length of suspension cable was designed to be extended to hundreds or over one thousand meters, which is applicable for crossing deep valleys. Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) of overhead power transmission lines was considered to be one of the major factors of its fatigue and service life. In this paper, VIV and its controlling by Stockbridge damper for long span CRS was discussed. Firstly, energy balance method and finite element method for assessing VIV of CRS were presented. An approach of establishing FE model of long span CRS structure with dampers was introduced. The effect of Stockbridge damper for overall vibration of CRS was compared in both theoretical and numerical approaches. Results indicated that vibration characteristics of conductor in long span CRS compared with traditional tower-line system. Secondly, analysis on long span CRS including Stockbridge damper showed additional dampers installed were essential for controlling maximum dynamic bending stresses of conductors at both ends. Moreover, factors, including configuration and mass of Stockbridge damper, span length of suspension cable and conductor and number of spans of conductor, were assessed for further discussion on VIV controlling of long span CRS.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.41-55
• /
• 2010

The aims of this study were to develop the suitable "system software" in chemical ranking and scoring (CRS) for the food hazardous chemicals associated with environmental emission and to suggest the priority lists of food contamination by environmental-origined pollutants. Study materials were selected with reference to the priority pollutants list for environment and food management from domestic and foreign research and the number of study materials is 103 pollutants (18 heavy metals, 10 PBTs, 10 EDs, and 65 organic compounds). The Food-CRS-Korea system consisted of the environmental fate model via multimedia, transfer environment to food model, and health risk assessment by contaminated food intake. We have established that health risks of excess cancer risks, hazard quotients (HQs) by chronic toxicity and HQs by reproductive toxicity convert to score, respectively. The creditable scoring system was designed to consider uncertainty of quantitative risk assessment based on VOI (Value-Of-Information). The predictability of the Food-CRS-Korea model was evaluated by comparing the presumable values and the measured ones of the environmental media and foodstuffs. The priority lists based on emissions with background-level-correction are 15 pollutants such as arsenic, cadmium, and etc. The priority lists based on environmental monitoring date are 17 pollutants including DEHP, TCDD, and so on. Consequently, we suggested the priority lists of 13 pollutants by considering the several emission and exposure scenarios. According to the Food-CRS-Korea system, arsenics, cadmium, chromes, DEHP, leads, and nickels have high health risk rates and reliable grades.