• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.103-112
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• 2010

Objective : The aim of this study was to determine whether methanol extract of Do-Ki-Tang (DKT) inhibit free radical generation and production of nitrite an index of NO, $PGE_2$, iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and MCP-1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods : Cytotoxic activity of extract on RAW 264.7 cells was measured using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. The expression level of inflammatory response-related proteins was confirmed by western blot. The production of proinflammatory cytokines was measured by ELISA. Results : Our results indicated that DKT scavenged DPPH radical and nitric oxide in vitro. Moreover, DKT significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO, $PGE_2$ production and iNOS, COX-2 expression accompanied by an attenuation of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and MCP-1 formation in macrophages. Furthermore, DKT treatment also blocked LPS-induced intracellular ROS production and the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPKs. Conclusion : Our data suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of DKT is mediated through down-modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines by blocking the signaling pathways of NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPKs. These inhibitory effects by DKT represent a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.15-29
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• 2014

Objectives We have studied to know effects of Bangkeehwangkee-tang on the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) induced osteoarthritis in rats. Methods Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of monosodium iodoacetate into knee joint cavity of rats. Rats are devided into 4 groups; Sham, control, Bangkeehwangkee-tang, Shinbaro. Sham group was injected by normal saline into knee joint cavity only. Control group was taken no treatment and Experimental groups were taken extracts of Bangkeehwangkee-tang and Shinbaro by orally once a day for 4 weeks. The content of TNF-$\alpha$, IL- $1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in synovial fluids were analysed. COX-2 in chondrocytes and blood PGE2 concentration were analysed. Histopathological examination was performed by Safranin-O fast green staining and Mankins score checking. Results The content of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ in experimental groups were decreased compared with control group. COX-2 in chondrocytes and blood PGE2 concentration in experimental groups were decreased compared with control group. Histopathologically, osteoarthritic scores of experimental groups were decreased compared with control group. But the content of IL-6 in synovial fluids was not significantly compared with control group. Conclusions According to these results, it can be suggested that Bangkeehwangkee-tang has anti-arthritic effects on the MIA induced osteoarthritis in rats.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.175-185
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• 2009

Petiolus Nelumbinis, branches of lotus leaf or lotus flower is a traditional oriental herbal medicine widely used for treating a superheat or disorder of qi flow. Although there are many clinical results and literature study, it has been rarely conducted to evaluate the immuno-biological activity. The present study was conducted to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of PNM (Petiolus Nelumbinis MeOH extract) in vitro. To determine cytotoxic concentration of PNM, the cells were treated with PNM for 24 h after LPS addition, and the cell viability was tested by MTT assay. Both of dosages (30 and 100 ${\mu}g/ml$) of PNM had no cytotoxicity. In these concentrations, PNM significantly reduced the elevated levels of NO and $PGE_2$ by LPS. These inhibitory effects of PNM were due to the reduced expressions of iNOS and COX-2 protein. TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1$\beta$ and IL-6 are frequently encountered pro-inflammatory cytokines, and LPS plays a key role in inducing to the massive production of these cytokines. Thus, we next determined the levels of these cytokines. Although PNM had no significant inhibitory effect on the production of TNF-$\alpha$, the elevated levels of IL-1$\beta$ and IL-6 by LPS were dose-dependently reduced in PNM-treated groups. These results demonstrate that PNM has anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines, NO and $PGE_2$ in LPS-activated macrophage. Moreover, the reduction of NO and $PGE_2$ levels was due to the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression by PNM.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.83-98
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Eungapbang extract (EGB). Methods: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of EGB, we nourished RAW 264.7 cell lines in the laboratory dish. Next, inflammatory cytokine concentrations were analyzed. Then, sera were prepared from blood after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in chemically induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation, and Interleukin-1${\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) were measured using ELISA kits. Results: 1. EGB significantly suppressed the expression levels of IL-1${\beta}$ and NOS-II genes at 100, 50 and 10 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations, and IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and COX-2 mRNAs at 100 and 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations. 2. EGB significantly reduced the production level of IL-1${\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ at 100${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations, and IL-6 at 100 and 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations. 3. EGB significantly decreased the production level of IL-1${\beta}$ and IL-6 in sera of acute inflammation induced mice. 4. EGB could suppress the expression level of IL-1${\beta}$ and IL-6 mRNA in spleen tissues in acute inflammation induced mice. Conclusion: On the basis of the above results, it is confirmed that the anti-inflammatory effects of EGB were recognized. Therefore, EGB is recommended as promising therapy for treatment of such ailments as pelvic inflammatory disease.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2014

Synurus deltoides (Aiton) Nakai, belonging to the Compositae family, is an edible plant widely distributed in Northeast Asia. In this study, we examined the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulative effects of the ethanol extract of S. deltoides (SDE). The SDE extract strongly down-regulated the mRNA expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, thereby inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and TNF-${\alpha}$ in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, SDE also suppressed the nuclear translocation of the activation protein (AP)-1 and the nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$), and simultaneously decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK), p38, and Akt. In agreement with the in vitro observations, the orally administered SDE ameliorated the acute inflammatory symptoms in the arachidonic acid-induced ear edema and the EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis in mice. Therefore, S. deltoides have a potential anti-inflammatory capacity in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the potential therapeutic use in the inflammation-associated disorders.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.167-181
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• 2007

Objectives: To evaluate expression of MIF mRNA, MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-6R-{\alpha}$, STAT-3, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, COX-2 and iNOS, MMP-9mRNA after injecting deer antler herbal acupuncture solution in a LPS rat model. Methods: The experiment was divided in category of the control group, RA group, and NA group. RA was induced in the mice via injecting 300ug/kg LPS. The deer antler herbal acupuncture solution 50ug/kg was applied on $ST_{35}$(犢鼻) and EX-LE201(內膝眼) for 19days from $3^{rd}$ day of RA inducement. Results: 1. In the deer antler herbal acupuncture solution treated RAW 264.7cell, the mRNA expression of cytokines, RA related inflammation factors, such as the MIF, COX- 2, iNOS, and MMP-g reduced concentration dependently. 2. In the deer antler herbal acupuncture treated mice's synovial membrane, decrease in the cell replication of synovial joint cells, regeneration of blood vessel, fibrosis and fibroblastic cells expansion were observed. 3. Positive reaction of RA-related cytokines MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-6R-{\alpha}$, STAT3, COX-2, iNOS, $NF-\;{\kappa}B$ p65, MMP-9 was reduced. Conclusion : On the basis of the results, it was concluded that deer antler herbal acupuncture extract has significant protecting ability against acute progressive RA by inhibiting the production of MIF, as a top in cytokines related to inflammation.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2005

[ ${\beta}ig-h3$ ] is a secretory protein that is induced by $TGF-{\beta}$ and implicated in various disease conditions including fibrosis. We have previously reported that ${\beta}ig-h3$ expression is implicated in astrocyte response to brain injury. In this study, we further investigated potential roles of ${\beta}ig-h3$ protein in the injured central nervous system (CNS). We specifically assessed whether the treatment of microglial cells with ${\beta}ig-h3$ can regulate microglial activity. Microglial cells are the prime effector cells in CNS immune and inflammatory responses. When activated, they produce a number of inflammatory mediators, which can promote neuronal injury. We prepared conditioned medium from the stable CHO cell line transfected with human ${\beta}ig-h3$ cDNA. We then examined the effects of the conditioned medium on the LPS- or $IFN-{\gamma}-mediated$ induction of proinflammatory molecules in microglial cells. Preincubation with the conditioned medium significantly attenuated LPS-mediated upregulation of $TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression in BV2 murine microglial cells. It also reduced $IFN-{\gamma}-mediated$ upregulation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and COX-2 mRNA expression but not iNOS mRNA expression. Assays of nitric oxide release correlated with the mRNA data, which showed selective inhibition of LPS-mediated nitric oxide production. Although the regulatory mechanisms need to be further investigated, these results suggest that astrocyte-derived ${\beta}ig-h3$ may contribute to protection of the CNS from immune-mediated damage via controlling microglial inflammatory responses.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.330-337
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• 2012

This study was performed to assess the Effect of SCF(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) on Keratinocyte Damage by UV irradiation. The effect of SCF were determined in UV irradiated HaCaT. We measured LDH release and NO release from HaCaT to elucidate the effect of SCF. And iNOS, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2, Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, c-jun, c-fos gene expression were determined in HaCat using real time PCR method. The results are as follows. SCF inhibited LDH-release, NO production in UV irradiated HaCaT. SCF increased the gene expression Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein in UV irradiated HaCaT. SCF suppressed the gene expression TNF-${\alpha}$ in UV irradiated HaCaT. SCF suppressed the gene expression iNOS, c-fos, and c-jun in UV irradiated HaCaT. SCF not affected the suppression of the gene expression COX-2 in UV irradiated HaCaT. The study showed SCF inhibited the cell damage in UV irradiated HaCaT.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of Curculiginis Rhizoma pharmaco-acupuncture at $ST_{36}$ on monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic rats. Methods : Twenty rats were divided into four groups consisting of 5 rats: rats receiving no injection(normal), rats injected with monosodium Iodoacetate(MIA, control), rats injected with MIA and normal saline(N-S), and rats injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma (CRPA). N-S and CRPA were administered once a day at $ST_{36}$ during 21 days. After that we examined the weight-bearing ability of hind paws, liver and kidney function, immunocell, cytokines, proteins, and gene expression of cytokines. Injury of synovial tissue was measured by H & E, Safranin O immunofluorescence. Results : The weight-bearing ability of the hind paws, Serum TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, PGE2, LTB4, DPD, Osteocalcin, Protein COX-2 of CRPA decreased significantly. Protein Arachidonate 5 lipoxygenase of CRPA was decreased, but not significantly. Expression of gene COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, NOS2 of CRPA decreased. In histological observations, CRPA was improved, compared with other control groups. Conclusions : It can be suggested that Curculiginis Rhizoma pharmaco-acupuncture at $ST_{36}$ has anti-inflammatory and pain relief effects on monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic rats.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.253-260
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• 2019

Background: Sometimes general anesthesia is required for dental surgery in pregnant women. Facial bone fractures or neck abscess should be treated immediately. Dental surgery, however, creates a stressful situation that can cause inflammation. Inflammatory responses are a well-known major cause of preterm labor and preterm birth. Here we demonstrate the effects of remifentanil on the factors related to preterm labor and its mechanism of action on amniotic-derived epithelial cells (WISH cells). Methods: WISH cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h and co-treated with various concentrations of remifentanil. MTT assays were performed to measure cell viability. To explain the effects of remifentanil on the factors related to inflammation in WISH cells, activation of nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and p38 and the expression of interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, cyclooxygenase (COX)2, and prostaglandin E $(PGE)_2$ were quantified using western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. Results: Remifentanil did not affect WISH cell viability. In western blot analysis, co-treatment with remifentanil resulted in decreased phosphorylation of $NF-{\kappa}B$, and expression of COX2 and $PGE_2$ in LPS-induced inflammation, but the results were statistically significant only at low concentrations. Reduction of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ expression was also observed with RT-PCR. Conclusion: Co-treatment with remifentanil does not affect the viability of WISH cells, but reduces the expression of the factors related to inflammation, which can induce uterine contraction and preterm labor. These findings provide evidence that remifentanil may inhibit uterine contraction and preterm labor in clinical settings.