• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.1-28
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• 2022

This paper studies how COVID-19 has affected the labor market in Korea through a general equilibrium model with multiple industries and occupations. In the model, workers are allocated to one of many occupations in an industry, and industrial or occupational shocks alter the employment structure. I calibrate the model with Korean data and identify industrial and occupational shocks, referred to here as COVID-19 shocks, behind the employment dynamics in 2020 and 2021. I find that COVID-19 shocks are more severe for those with jobs with a higher risk of infection and in those that are more difficult to do from home. Interestingly, the relationship between COVID-19 shocks and infection risk weakened as the pandemic progressed, whereas the relationship between COVID-19 shocks and easiness of work-from-home strengthened. I interpret the results as meaning that the pandemic may direct future technological changes to replace tasks that require contact-intensive steps, and I simulate the impact of such technological changes through the lens of the model. The results show that such technological changes will lower the demand for manual workers compared to the demands for other occupations. This contrasts with the earlier trend of job polarization, where manual workers continued to increase their employment share, with the share of routine workers secularly declining at the same time.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.241-248
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• 2022

This study examines changes in income for Vietnam's service labors during COVID-19. A person's income depends on several factors, such as educational level, working area, the number of activities creating jobs, the cost of living, investment, etc. This research was based on a survey of 479 workers in Vietnam's service sector, who were evenly distributed across sectors (tourism and aviation) and workplaces (State and private). Based on the collected data, the REM regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing employee income when COVID-19 took place. The research returns show that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable influence on labor incomes, and there are income disparities that exist between workers by work area and by gender. This study indicates that workers' wages in Vietnam decreased by an average of 12.22 million VND per month after the outbreak of COVID-19. In addition, the results also show that the income of workers after COVID-19 differs depending on their position (the average salary of laborers working in the public sector is about 3.946 million VND higher than the average salary of laborers in the private sector); furthermore, the incomes of workers also vary by gender.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.500-507
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• 2022

COVID-19 pandemic forces college education to be rapidly switched from face-to-face education into remote education. Two inconsistent findings exist in previous study about remote learning. First, studies before COVID-19 pandemic found remote learning is an effective method, which provided students with higher achievement and improved their work-life balance. However, studies showed remote learning during COVID-19 pandemic is not as effective as expected because of technical issues, lack of motivations and even mental health issues. Second, findings from studies about remote learning impacts on workload and productivity during COVID-19 are also inconsistent. Therefore, this study aims to quantitatively measure college students' workload and productivity during COVID-19 of different types of tasks to provide a comprehensive and latest evaluation on remote learning. The findings of this study show remote learning slightly increases college students' total listening and speaking tasks workload, total reading and writing tasks workload. Furthermore, phone call, in-person meeting, online meeting and email workload increase significantly in remote learning. However, productivity for both listening and speaking, reading and writing tasks decreases after remote learning but no significant changes of productivity are found.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2021

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in occupational balance and quality of life caused by COVID-19 in occupational therapy students. Methods : From May 27 to June 26, 2020, questionnaires were distributed to a total of 35 universities among 62 occupational therapy departments nationwide. General characteristics, COVID-19 related characteristics, OBQ and WHOQOL-BREF were used to evaluate and analyze occupational balance and quality of life. The SPSS/PC 24.0 program was used to analyze frequency analysis, crossover analysis, chi-square test, independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results : There were significant differences in school system(years), class, life pattern, quality of life, personal and public schedule depending on whether they are interested in occupational balance. There were significant differences in occupational balance(OBQ) and quality of life(WHOQOL-BREF), 'Hobby', 'new hobbies after COVID-19', 'life patterns', 'use of public transportation', 'maintenance of occupational balance', and 'quality of life'. There was a significant positive correlation occupational balance and quality of life. Conclusion : This study showed that the more people who have changed their lives due to COVID-19 are interested in work balance, and the better they maintain their work balance and emotional well-being, the higher the work balance and quality of life, and the positive correlation between work balance and quality of life was confirmed. This will be the basis for studies related to intervention strategies that can improve occupational balance and quality of life in a time when social isolation is easy due to the COVID-19 epidemic.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.256-269
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• 2020

Objectives: Everyone has been affected in some way by the COVID-19 pandemic, while some workers face threats to their health due to their jobs as well as worries about spreading the virus to intimate family members. With these concerns in mind, this study aims to identify occupations more vulnerable to COVID-19 and suggests the necessity of providing proper control measures against the risks in a timely manner in Korea. Methods: Daily briefing reports by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) were compiled (n=120) between January 20 and May 31, 2020. A total of 11,486 confirmed cases were included, which were sorted by occasion, area, and occupation. Among them, 2,411 cases were classified with specific occasions and/or areas of infection, while only 544 cases were determined with identifiable occupations. Guidelines for biological hazard management and COVID-19 guidelines for workplaces from domestic and international bodies were enlisted and compared. Results: It is unsurprising to find that healthcare professionals are experiencing the most immediate threat from COVID-19. In addition, service workers with face-to-face practices or indirect contact are also facing high risks. Religion facilities and eating places (dining, drinking bar, café, etc.,) follow. Guidelines and manuals for biological hazards are still lacking in Korea compared to the US and EU. Workplace manuals for managing COVID-19 are neither as comprehensive as the approaches of NIOSH's hierarchy of controls nor inclusive enough for minimizing secondary or tertiary suffering. Conclusions: The COVID-19 crisis is still ongoing and there is no doubt there will be more such events in the future. This analysis suggests that occupational health professionals, amid a pandemic including COVID-19, are urged to anticipate emerging risks related to all sorts of occupations, identify vulnerable workers and working environments, and plan and take actions to protect workers' health.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.99-113
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• 2022

This study is descriptive research to investigate the effects of COVID-19 stress, interpersonal (caregiver-patient) stress, and emotional labor on burnout in emergency room (ER) nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data collection of this study was conducted from December 9 to 23, 2021 with ER nurses working at five tertiary general hospitals and general hospitals of Medical Center H. The data was collected with a questionnaire using tools measuring the subjects' general & job-related characteristics, COVID-19 stress, interpersonal(caregiver-patient) stress, emotional labor and burnout. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 25.0 statistical program for frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The average score of COVID-19 stress in ER nurses was 3.64, interpersonal(caregiver-patient) stress 4.35, emotional labor 3.38, and burnout 3.44. As a result of analyzing differences according to general & job-related characteristics, burnout showed a significant difference according to gender, marital status, total clinical experience, and working organization. And burnout showed a significant positive correlation with COVID-19 stress, interpersonal stress and emotional labor. As a result of multiple linear regression analysis, regional emergency medical centers and local emergency medical centers among the work organization types, interpersonal stress, COVID-19 stress, and gender and the explanatory power was 28.6%. Through these results, we intend to provide basic data for the development of an intervention program to prevent burnout of emergency room nurses and improve nursing performance at the time of a new infectious disease pandemic.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2022

Background: On the basis of its role for the development of occupational health research, information, good practices, the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) launched the present survey to collect information on public health and prevention policies put in place by the governments of the countries in the world to contain the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire focused on COVID-19 data, public health policies, prevention measures, support measures for economy, work, and education, personal protective equipment, intensive care units, contact tracing, return to work, and the role of ICOH against COVID-19. The questionnaire was administered to 113 ICOH National Secretaries and senior OSH experts. Collected data refer to the period ranging from the beginning of the pandemic in each country to June 30, 2020. Results: A total of 73 questionnaires from 73 countries around the world were considered valid, with a 64.6% response rate. Most of the respondents (71.2%) reported that the state of emergency was declared in their country, and 86.1% reported lockdown measures. Most of the respondents (66.7%) affirmed that the use of face masks was compulsory in their country. As for containment measures, 97.2% indicated that mass gatherings (meetings) were limited. Regarding workplace closing, the most affected sector was entertainment (90.1%). Conclusion: The results of this survey are useful to gain a global view on COVID-19 policy responses at country level.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.45-59
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• 2023

Objectives: This study investigated the role of Korean medicine doctors in the national quarantine system and the status of their duties through questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews with Korean medicine staff who participated in COVID-19 work. Methods: We developed a questionnaire survey to investigate the status and perception of Korean medicine doctors' participation in responding to infectious diseases, and the results were derived by conducting frequency analysis and T-test using SPSS program. The measurement variables of this study were the status of COVID-19 related work participation and perception of Korean medicine doctors' role in infectious diseases, and the maximum significance level was 0.05. Results: There were 300 respondents to the survey, and as for the COVID-19 related work, Korean medicine treatment for COVID-19 patients accounted for the most(52.7%), and various preventive and treatment tasks such as epidemiological investigations and specimen collection were conducted. Conclusion: According to this study, it was confirmed that there are sufficient legal and administrative grounds for Korean medicine doctors to perform specimen collection and epidemiological investigations. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare a policy framework to solidify the status of Korean medicine doctors in national infectious diseases in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.412-422
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• 2020

Purpose: This study is aimed at preparing basic data to increase professionalism in nursing and effective counter-strategies against future infectious diseases. For that purpose, this study investigated the experiences of nurses in a general hospital with an 800-bed size, temporarily closed after a confirmed case of COVID-19. Methods: This study was a qualitative study using individual in-depth interviews, and data were collected from 10 nurses in a university hospital temporarily closed from May 1 to June 13, 2020. Results: As a result of this study, the subjects were classified into 'COVID-19 and nursing', 'nursing work and vocation' and 'life changed with COVID-19'. Conclusion: In conclusion, there is a need for education that nurtures the ability of nurses to screen patients with infectious diseases well and to skillfully wear and remove protective clothing. In addition, in order to cultivate the expertise of nurses and respond efficiently to infectious diseases, a separate compensation, such as a risk allowance, is required along with the establishment of an infrastructure that fully supports personnel and supplies. A mental health program to relieve stress is also required.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.127-163
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• 2023

The objective of this study is to investigate the volatility spillover effects among BDI, CCFI and SCFI. This paper will divide the empirical analysis section into two periods to analyze and compare the differences in volatility spillover effect between shipping freight indices before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 separately. First, in order to compare the mean spillover impact and index lead-lag correlations in BDI and CCFI indices, along with BDI and SCFI indices before and after COVID-19, the co-integration analysis and the test of Granger causality built on the VAR model were utilized. Second, the impulse response and variance decomposition are employed in this work to investigate how the shipping freight index responds to shocks experienced by itself and other freight indices in a short period. Before the COVID-19 epidemic, the results demonstrated that the BDI freight index is the Granger cause of the variable CCFI freight index. But the BDI and CCFI freight indices have no apparent lead-lag relationships after COVID-19, and this empirical result echoes the cointegration test result. After the COVID-19 epidemic, the SCFI index leads the BDI index. This study employs the VAR-BEKK-GARCH joint model to explore the volatility spillover results between dry bulk and container transport markets before and after COVID-19. The empirical results demonstrate that after COVID-19, fluctuations in the BDI index still affect the CCFI index in the maritime market. However, there is no proof of a volatility spillover relationship between the BDI and SCFI after the COVID-19 epidemic. This study will provide an insight into the volatility relationship among BDI, CCFI and SCFI before and after the the COVID-19 epidemic occurred.