• 생약학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.175-181
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• 2011

Oxidative stress or accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads neuronal cellular death and dysfunction, and it contributes to neuronal degenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke. Glutamate is one of the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Glutamate contributes to fast synaptic transmission, neuronal plasticity, outgrowth and survival, behavior, learning and memory. In spite of these physiological functions, high concentration of glutamate causes neuronal cell damage, acute insults and chronic neuronal neurodegenerative diseases. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme plays an important role of cellular antioxidant system against oxidant injury. NNMBS020, the water-insoluble fraction of the 70% EtOH extract of root barks of Dictamnus dasycarpus, showed dominant neuroprotective effects on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells by induced the expression of HO-1 and increased HO activity. In mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, NNMBS020 makes the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and stimulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The ERK MAPK pathway inhibitor significantly reduced NNMBS020-induced HO-1 expression, whereas the JNK and p38 inhibitors did not. In conclusion, the water-insoluble fraction of the 70% EtOH extract of root barks of D. dasycarpus (NNMBS020) significantly protect glutamate-induced oxidative damage by induction of HO-1 via Nrf2 and ERK pathway in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.628-634
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• 2011

The roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. is a well-known traditional medicine used as expectorant, tonic, tranquilizer in Asia including China and Korea. And also have been used to treat amnesia, neurasthenia, palpitation, insomnia, and disorientation. Glutamate-induced oxidative injury contributes to neuronal degeneration in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and ischemia. Inducible heme oxygenase (HO)-1 acts against oxidants that are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. NNMBS269, acid hydrolysis EtOAc fraction of the P. tenuifolia showed dominant neuroprotective effects on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells while general EtOAc fraction of the P. tenuifolia (NNMBS268) not shown. NNMBS269 induced the expression of HO-1 protein that has been proposed to play an important cellular defense role against oxidant injury. In addition increased HO activity. In mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, NNMBS269 makes the nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In conclusion, acid hydrolysis EtOAc fraction the P. enuifolia. (NNMBS269) significantly protect glutamate-induced oxidative damage by induction of HO-1 via Nrf2 translocation in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2012

Anthocyanins have received growing attention as dietary antioxidants for the prevention of oxidative damage. Astrocytes, which are specialized glial cells, exert numerous essential, complex functions in both healthy and diseased central nervous system (CNS) through a process known as reactive astrogilosis. Therefore, the maintenance of glial cell viability may be important because of its role as a key modulator of neuropathological events. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of anthocyanin on the survival of glial cells exposed to oxidative stress. Our results demonstrated that anthocyanin extracts from black soybean increased survival of U87 glioma cells in a dose dependent manner upon oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), accompanied by decrease levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While treatment cells with anthocyanin extracts or OGD stress individually activated autophagy induction, the effect was signifi cantly augmented by pretreatment cells with anthocyanin extracts prior to OGD. The contribution of autophagy induction to the protective effects of anthocyanin was verifi ed by the observation that silencing the Atg5 expression, an essential regulator of autophagy induction, reversed the cytoprotective effect of anthocyanin extracts against OGD stress. Treatment of U87 cells with rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, increased cell survival upon OGD stress comparable to anthocyanin, indicating that autophagy functions as a survival mechanism against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in glial cells. Our results, therefore, provide a rationale for the use of anthocyanin as a preventive agent for brain dysfunction caused by oxidative damage, such as a stroke.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.219-231
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• 2007

The effects of intraduodenal administration of Clostridium perfringens type D whole culture in goats were evaluated to develop a reliable experimental model of enterotoxemia in this species and the eventual evaluation of treatment with different drug preparations was also carried out. A total of 28 conventionally reared healthy unvaccinated black bangle goat kids of 6-12 months of age were dosed intraduodenally with whole cultures of C peliringens type D. Four kids were used as controls and received sterile, nontoxic culture medium intraduodenally. All animals received starch solution into the abomasum. The clinical signs developed within 12 hours of post inoculation that were similar to those observed in naturally occurring cases. Among the clinical signs, diarrhea was most common (96.43%) followed by dyspnea (53.57%) and central nervous system (CNS) signs (25.0%). The most striking postmortem findings consisted of necrotizing pseudomembranous colitis (100.0%), lung edema (69.23%) and fluid filled intestines (61.53%). The protocol thus provided a reasonable model of naturally occurring enterotoxemia in goats, producing a range of clinical signs and postmortem changes similar to those observed in the natural disease. Beside this, treatment trial with different drug preparations showed penicillin combined with antitoxin was most effective (100.0%), followed by combination of oxytetracyclin with antitoxin, and combined preparation of antitoxin and sulfur drugs both showed 75% recovery rate. On the other hand, treatment with antitoxin, penicillin and oxytetracycline singly could protect goat enterotoxaemia only 25.0%, 50.0% and 50.0%, respectively. Thus in the present study, it eas observed that antisera in combination of antibiotics gave better recovery rate than the antitoxin or antibiotics alone.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2009

Vitis amurensis (VA; Vitaceae) has long been used in oriental herbal medicine. It has been reported that roots and seeds of VA have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In the present study, the protective effect of ethanol extract from stems and leaves of VA on hydrogen peroxide (${H_2}{O_2}$) (100 ${\mu}M$)-induced neuronal cell damage was examined in primary cultured rat cortical neurons. VA (10-100 ${\mu}g$/ml) concentration-dependently inhibited ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death measured by 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. VA inhibited ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced elevation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration (${[Ca^{2+}]}_i$) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which were measured by fluorescent dyes. Pretreatment of VA also prevented glutamate release into medium induced by 100 ${\mu}M$ ${H_2}{O_2}$, which was measured by HPLC. These results suggest that VA showed a neuroprotective effect on ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced neuronal cell death by interfering with ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced elevation of ${[Ca^{2+}]}_i$, glutamate release, and ROS generation. This has a significant meaning of finding a new pharmacological activity of stems and leaves of VA in the CNS.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

In cleft palate patient, characteristic of speech disorder is the resonance disorder result from velopharyngeal incompetence. Clinically VPI caused by congenital factor as congenital palatal incompetence, submucosal cleft palate, and caused by acquired factor as CNS damage, tumor, palatal palsy. The clinicians more concerned about the speech disorders after cleft palate surgery rather than language pathologist. The resonance disorder devided for hypernasality, hyponasality and nasal emission, but as a rule, hypernasality is typical phenomenon of the resonance disorder. Traditionally clinicians and language pathologists evaluated four-stage or five-stage of hypernasality by subjective assessment. Although language pathologist is well-trained, results of the language level should be different. In late 1980s, Kay Elemetrics Corp. developed nasometer that objective nasalance identified with well-trained language pathologist and originate from nasometer Tonar I and II were developed by Fletcher. Therefore objective nasalance test was possible, the nasometer used in hospital, collage and speech clinic both and home and abroad. Standardization of the cleft palate speech assessment must be settled without delay because of different character result in different language and different assessment results by dialect in same language. In our study, we provide the data base for the standardization of cleft palate speech assessment which through report of objective assessment method, speech therapy effects and problems result in interdisciplinary teamwork by nasometer use in treatment of cleft palate patient.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2006

본 연구는 건강한 12마리의 슈나우져견에서 정량적 뇌파검사를 이용하여 진정을 평가한 것이다. 뇌파검사는 뇌나 행동의 변화와 관련된 중추신경계의 변화를 객관적으로 측정하는 데 사용이 된다. 특히 정량적 뇌파검사 방법인 spectral edge frequency 95 (SEF 95)는 진정의 상태를 평가하는 효과적인 방법이다. 본 실험에서 뇌파 전극은 8곳의 각각 다른 부위의 피하에 장착 하였으며 뇌파의 원래 파형과 SEF 95로 변환된 수치를 획득하여 분석하였다. 기전이 다른 5종의 진정제를 투여 한 후 측정된 모든 실험군의 SEF 95 값이 진정제 투여 전 상태와 비교하였을 때, 유의적으로 감소한다는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과로 SEF 95의 정량적인 뇌파검사는 개에서 진정 상태를 평가하는 효과적인 방법이라고 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 1981

Experiments were conducted in ischemic decerebrate cats to study the effects of electroacupuncture and electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve on pain reaction. Flexion reflex was used as an index of pain. The reflex was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve(20 V, 0.5 msec duration) and recorded as a compound action potential from the nerve innervated to the semitendinosus muscle. Electroacupuncture was performed, using a 23-gauge hyperdermic needle, on the tsusanli point in the lateral upper tibia of the ipsilateral hindlimb. The common peroneal nerve was selected as a peripheral nerve which may be associated with electroacupuncture action, as it runs through the tissue portion under the tsusanli point. Both for electroacupuncture and the stimulation of common peroneal nerve a stimulus of 20 V-intensity, 2 msec-duration and 2 Hz-frequency was applied for 60 min. The results are summerized as follows: 1) The electroacupuncture markedly depressed the flexion reflex; this effect was eliminated by systemic application of naloxone $(0.02{\sim}0.12\;mg/kg)$, a specific narcotic antagonist. 2) Similarly, the electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve significantly depressed the flexion reflex, the effect being reversed by naloxone. 3) When most of the afferent nerves excluding sural nerve in the ipsilateral hindlimb were cut, the effect of electroacupuncture on the flexion reflex was not observed. Whereas direct stimulation of the common peroneal nerve at the proximal end from the cut resulted in a significant reduction of the flexion reflex, again the effect was reversible by naloxone application. 4) Transection of the spinal cord at the thoracic 12 did not eliminate the effect of peripheral nerve stimulation on the flexion reflex and its reversal by naloxone, although the effect was significantly less than that in the animal with spinal cord intact. These results suggest that: 1) the analgesic effect of an electroacupuncture is directly mediated by the nervous system and involves morphine-like substances in CNS, 2) the site of analgesic action of electroacupuncture resides mainly in the brainstem and in part in the spinal cord.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.277-289
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• 2018

The exponential increase in the use of mobile communication has triggered public concerns about the potential adverse effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) emitted by mobile phones on the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we explored the relationship between calcium channels and apoptosis or autophagy in the hippocampus of C57BL/6 mice after RF-EMF exposure with a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg for 4 weeks. Firstly, the expression level of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), a key regulator of the entry of calcium ions into the cell, was confirmed by immunoblots. We investigated and confirmed that pan-calcium channel expression in hippocampal neurons were significantly decreased after exposure to RF-EMF. With the observed accumulation of autolysosomes in hippocampal neurons via TEM, the expressions of autophagy-related genes and proteins (e.g., LC3B-II) had significantly increased. However, down-regulation of the apoptotic pathway may contribute to the decrease in calcium channel expression, and thus lower levels of calcium in hippocampal neurons. These results suggested that exposure of RF-EMF could alter intracellular calcium homeostasis by decreasing calcium channel expression in the hippocampus; presumably by activating the autophagy pathway, while inhibiting apoptotic regulation as an adaptation process for 835 MHz RF-EMF exposure.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제7권1_2호
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• pp.3-10
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• 1980

뇌하수체의 성선자극 홀몬 분비 세포는 혈액내 estradiol양의 변화에 따라 LH와 FSH를 분비하므로써 주기적인 변화를 보인다. 성선 자극 홀몬의 분비는 성선 자극 홀몬을 합성하고 보유하는 두가지 형태의 능력의 크기에 의하여 조절되며 이들을 조절하는 것은 시상하부에서 분비되는 황체형성 홀몬-분비 홀몬(LH-RH)과 난소에서 분비되는 estradiol이다. LH-RH는 성선 자극 홀몬 분비세포에 작용하여 성선 자극 홀몬 합성, 저장 및 분비를 촉진시키며 estradiol은 LH-RH의 기능을 확대하고 LH-RH가 self-priming효과를 나타내도록 유도하기도 하며 LH-RH의 성선 자극 홀몬 분비 기능을 저해하기도 한다. Estradiol은 기저성 성선 자극 홀몬을 분비시키기 위하여 negative feedback작용을 하고 배란성 성선 자극 홀몬을 분비시키기 위하여는 positive feedback작용을 하며 feedback작용 부위는 시상하부 및 뇌하수체 전엽이다. 또한, estradiol이 feedback작용을 하여 성선 자극 홀몬의 분비를 조절하는 데는 LH-RH뿐만 아니라 중추신경-시상하부에서 분비되는 dopamine, norepinephrine, prostaglandin등이 참여한다.