• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 고속 저전력 곱셈기에 적합한 CPA(Carry Propagation Adder)로 부분의 ENMODL(Enhanced NORA MODL) 설계방식을 제안한다. ENMODL 설계방식은 반복성이 CLA(Carry -Look-ahead Adder) 가산기와 같은 회뢰에서 면적을 줄 일수 있고 동작 속도를 빠르게 할수 있다. 기존의 NMODL CLA 와 비교하여 6.27%동작속도가 빠르다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 저전 고속 곱셈기에 적합한 CPA 부분을 ENMODL CLA 가산기로 설계했고, 현대 0.6$\mu\textrm{m}$2-ploy 3-metal 공정파라미터를 이용하여 HSPICE로 시뮬레이션 하여 회로의 성능을 확인하였다. 또한 CADENCE tool를 이용하여 16비트 곱셈기에 적합한 ENMODL CLA를 레이아웃 하였다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.339-347
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• 1998

The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in egg yolk on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation during chilled storage (4$^{\circ}C$) were investigated. CLA was synthesized according to the method of alkali isomerization using safflower seed oil (SSO). A total of 250 hens (200 days of age) were fed control diet (commercial formula feed for han) or CLA-supplemented diet (1%, 2.5% and 5% CLA) or 5% SSO supplemented diet for 6 weeks, and eggs were collected for analysis of CLA, fatty acid compositons and lipid oxidation. Eggs from CLA-supplemented diets groups showed significantly (p＜0.05) higher CLA content compared to those of control group. The contents of linoleic, palmitic, and myristic acid were increased as well as CLA content by feeding a CLA-supplemented diet. However, the contents of oleic and arachidonic acids in egg yolks were decreased by dietary CLA supplementation. The pH of egg yolk increased by the levels of CLA during storage. The contents of CLA were not significantly (p＜0.05) changed during chilled storage for 28 days, whereas TBARS were significantly (p＜0.05) increased. It is suggested that lipid oxidation of egg yolk might be affected by the levels of CLA in egg yolk due to changes in fatty acid compositions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2016

This study was aimed to evaluate the stability of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) by nano-encapsulation against in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation by microbial enzymatic conversion. CLAs (free fatty acid form of CLA [CLA-FFA], nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA, triglyceride form of CLA [CLA-TG], and nano-encapsulated CLA-TG) were used in the in vitro fermentation experiments. When Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (B. fibrisolvens) was incubated with CLA-FFAs, the concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and vaccenic acid (VA) slightly was decreased and increased by nano-encapsulation, respectively. When B. fibrisolvens was incubated with CLA-TG, the concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and VA decreased, but these were increased when B. fibrisolvens was incubated with nano-encapsulated CLA-TG. The nano-encapsulation was more effective against the in vitro biohydrogenation activity of B.fibrisolvens incubated with CLA-FFA than with CLA-TG. In the in vitro ruminal incubation test, the total gas production and concentration of total volatile fatty acids incubated with nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA and CLA-TG were increased significantly after 24 h incubation (p<0.05). Nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA might, thus, improve the ruminal fermentation characteristics without adverse effects on the incubation process. In addition, nano-encapsulated CLA-FFA increased the population of Fibrobacter succinogenes and decreased the population of B. fibrisolvens population. These results indicate that nano-encapsulation could be applied to enhance CLA levels in ruminants by increasing the stability of CLA without causing adverse effects on ruminal fermentation.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2002

육계사료에 CLA, 대두유, 시판용 우지의 수준별 급여가 육계의 생산성 및 계육의 성상에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위하여 두 차례의 사양실험을 5주간 시행하였다. 사육 전기 3주간에 사료내 조단백질은 21.5%, ME 3,100kca1/kg으로 하였으며, 사육 후기 2주간에는 조단백질 19%, ME 3,100kcal/kg 수준으로 급여하였다. 처리구는 실험 1과 2에서 CLA 대두유(Soybean Oil; SBO), 시판용 우지(Commercial Tallow; CT)를 각각 1, 2, 3%와2, 3%씩 기초사료에 첨가 급여하였으며, 전체 540수와 360수를 공시하였다. 조사항목으로 CLA SBO, CT의 MEr, 육계의 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율, ND 항체가, 가슴육의 지방산 및 CLA 함량을 측정하였다. 본 연구에 이용된 CLA SBO, CT의 MEn는 각각 8,542, 9,179, 8,733 kcal/kg으로 분석되었다. 실험 1에서 첨가된 유지 종류에 따른 증체량의 차이는 보이지 않았으나, 사료요구율은 SBO 급여 구에서 CLA 급여구에 비하여 현저하게 개선되었다(P<0.05). CLA 2와 3% 처리구는 1% 처리구에 비하여 증체 량과 사료섭취 량이 증가하였으며, 사료요구율을 현저하게 개선하였다(P<0.05). 실험 2에서는 CLA급여로 SBO와 CT에 비하여 사육후기의 증체량이 현저하게 높았다(P<0.05). ND 항체가는 CLA와 다른 유지급여구간에 통계적인 차이가 없었다. 계육의 지방산 조성은 사료내 CLA급여수준에 따라서 차이를 보였는데 CLA 1, 2, 3% 급여구에서 CLA 함량은 각각 12.23, 18.74, 25.67mg/g으로 처리구간에 현저한 차이를 나타냈다(P<0.05).본 연구의 결과CLA의 급여는 SBO와 CT에 비하여 증체량을 개선하고 계육내 CLA 함량을 현저히 증가시켰다(P<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2009

The objective was to determine the effects of supplementation of protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), CLA-20 comprising 10% each of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, on milk production and fatty acid profiles in plasma and milk in lactating dairy cows. Five mid-lactation, multiparous crossbred Holstein Friesian cows with average 402${\pm}$20 kg BW were used in a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design for 21-d periods. Cows were given a total mixed ration (TMR) and supplemented with CLA-20 at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g/d. The results showed that dry matter intake depression occurred in cows supplemented with CLA-20 at 160 g/d. Milk production slightly increased when CLA-20 supplementation was at 20, 40 and 80 g/d. However, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) was not affected by CLA-20 supplementation. Increased levels of CLA-20 supplementation resulted in a significantly decreased percentage of milk fat. Plasma concentrations of fatty acid were not altered by the amounts of CLA-20 supplementation except for the concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA. For all dietary treatments, percentages of fatty acids (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C13:0, C14:0 C14:1 C15:0 C15:1 C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C20:0, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:1 and C20:3n6) in milk fat were similar. Concentrations of C10:0, C11:0, C12:0 and C18:1n9c were decreased cubically and C18:0 was elevated linearly (p<0.01) according to the increased amounts of CLA-20 supplemented. The linear increase was observed for cis-9, trans-11 CLA (0.62, 1.17, 1.94, 1.87 and 1.82% of total fatty acid), trans-10, cis-12 CLA (0.01, 0.63, 0.67, 0.93 and 0.95% of total fatty acid) and total CLA (0.80, 2.25, 3.16, 3.97 and 3.94% of total fatty acid) in milk fat from 0 to 160 g/d of CLA-20 supplement. In conclusion, concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was concomitantly elevated at an increasing rate with the increased amounts of CLA-20. Based on the results in this study, supplementation of CLA-20 at 80 g/d optimally enhanced total CLA in milk fat.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.349-357
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• 2001

실험동물에서 항암성, 항산화성 효과가 있다고 알려진 conjugated linoleic acid(CLA)를 비육돈 후기사료에 2주간 급여하여 비육돈 내에 CLA를 축적시키고 품질특성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. CLA는 alkaline isomerization 방법으로 식용유를 이용하여 화학적으로 합성하였다. 대조구는 출하체중이 105~110kg으로 되도록 비육말기 사료를 사료회사로부터 구입하여 급여하였으며, 처리구 1은 출하 2주전부터 사료회사로부터 구입한 사료의 지질원에 대하여 CLA를 4% 첨가하였으며, 처리구 1은 출하 2주전부터 사료회사로부터 구입한 사료의 지질원에 대하여 CLA를 4% 첨가하였으며, 처리구 2는 8%, 처리구 3은 12% 첨가하여 급여한 후 일괄적으로 도살하였다. 저장기간에 따른 대조구와 CLA 급여구간의 품질평가를 하기 위해 돈육의 육색, 조직감 및 관능적 특성의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 돈육의 등심과 삼겹부위를 함기포장하여 냉장온도(4$^{\circ}C$)에서 13일간 저장하면서 각 실험항목을 조사하였다. 육색(L*, a*, b*), 조직감 및 관능적 특성분석 결과 대조구와 CLA 급여구 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 저장기간이 경과하여도 대조구와 CLA 급여구 모두 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이는 CLA를 사료에 첨가 급여하여 생산된 돈육이 소비자 구매 지표인 육색과 조직감에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않아 상품적 가치를 저하시키지 않은 것으로 사료된다. 특히 관능적 특성 변화에 CLA가 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았는데 이는 육색의 변화와 조직감 변화 결과가 뒷받침해 주며, CLA 급여로 인한 이취나, 불쾌취가 발생되지 않아 상품적 가치에는 아무런 문제가 없다고 사료된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2009

체중이 정상이면서 체지방률 함량이 30% 이상인 여성을 대상으로 CLA 보충과 운동 여부가 체지방함량과 체중 및 혈당, 혈중 지질 농도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 살펴 본 결과는 다음과 같다. 실험 대상자들의 평균 연령은 22세였으며, 실험이 진행되는 동안 대상자들은 식이 조절을 하지 않았다. 실험 대상자들의 실험 후 체중과 BMI, 체지방 함량의 변화를 살펴본 결과, CLA-운동군이 placebo-비운동군에 비해 체중과 BMI가 유의적으로 작았으며, 체지방 함량도 적은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 복부지방을 나타내는 허리둘레도 CLA-운동군이 placebo-비운동군과 비교하여 유의적으로 감소하여 CLA를 섭취하고 운동을 하는 것이 운동을 하거나, CLA만 섭취하는 것보다 체중 조절에 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 대상자들의 평균 공복혈당, TG, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C은 모두 정상 범위에 속하였고, CLA를 섭취하거나 운동을 하는 경우 혈중 HDL-콜레스테롤의 함량을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났으나, CLA와 운동을 병행하는 경우 상승효과를 보이지는 않았다. 이러한 결과, CLA를 보충함으로써 체중 조절을 하는 것보다는 CLA와 운동을 함께 병행하는 것이 체중 조절에 효과적이며, 혈중 지질 농도를 개선시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.367-374
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• 2001

Conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) is a naturally occuring group of derivatives of linoleic acid found in beef and dairy products. CLA has reported to reduce body fat. This study was designed to observe the effect of CLA supplementation on fat accumulation and degradation in male Sprague Dawley rats. Seventy two rats, weighing 150-180g, were divided into 2 groups according to the types of dietary fat(beef tallow or fish oil) and then each group was divided into 2 groups depending on CLA supplementation, i.e., BT, BT-CLA, FO, FO-CLA. All rats were fed experimental diet containing total fat at 12%(w/w) including CLA at 1% for 30 weeks. At 30 weeks, rats were sacrificed to measure TG, free fatty acid level in plasma, TG, lipogenic enzymes in lever and fat cell size, LPL and HSL activities in epididymal fat fad. Fish oil supplemented with CLA diet showed significant reduction in the food efficiency and weight in 30 weeks-fed rats. CLA supplement did not effect on plasma TG, hepatic TG levels and lipogenic enzymes activities in rats, but, fish oil significantly reduced, The LPL and HSL activities did not affected by CLA supplement and n-3 fatty acid rich fish oil. In conclusion, the results suggest that CLA supplement was not a proper way to reduce the fat accumulation in Sprague Dawley rats. Fish oil supplemented with CLA might better way to reduce the body fatness than fish oil itself. Therefore, It is recommended that further study be performed related to physiological and biochemical effects of CLA supplementation and n-3 fatty acid in rats for the reduction of body fatness.(Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 367∼374, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.280-286
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• 2003

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) consists of several geometric isomers of linoleic acid. CLA is found in foods derived from ruminants and exhibits strong anticarcinogenic effects in a variety of animal models. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in cancer progression. Specifically, MMP-2 and -9, which hydrolyze the basal membrane type IV collagen, are involved in the initial breakdown of collagen and basement membrane components during tumor growth and invasion. However, the effects of CLA on cancer cell motility and MMP expression and activity are not currently well known. Therefore, the present study examined whether CLA reduces the activity of MMP and cell motility in SW480 and SW620 cells, the human colon cancer cell lines. Gelatin zymography and Western blot analysis revealed that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced the activity and protein expression of Mr 92,000 MMP-9 in both cell lines. To examine whether CLA inhibits the MMP activity, cells were incubated with 100 ngfmL PMA in the presence of various concentrations of CLA. PMA-induced MMP-9 activity was decreased by 20 $\mu$ M CLA in SW480 cells, and by 10 $\mu$ M and 20 $\mu$ M CLA in SW620 cells. Results from the Hoyden chamber assay showed that cell motility was increased by PMA and that PMA-induced cell motility was significantly decreased by 20 $\mu$ M CLA in SW480 cells. These results indicate that CLA may reduce the motility and MMP activity in human colon cancer cells.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2005

The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) on growth performance and body fat metabolism in broiler chickens. A total of 48 male birds aged 3 days were randomly allotted into three dietary groups; CORN(com oil 1.5%), CLA I (com oil 0.75 %+ CLA 0.75 %) and CLA II(CLA 1.5%) groups. After feeding commercial diet ad libitum for 3 weeks, eight selected birds on the basis of body weight were housed, two birds in a cage, and continuously given ad libitum corresponding experimental diet for another 2 weeks. As a result, dietary addition of CLA did not influence on body weight, gain and feed conversion rote. The relative weights of the liver and deposited fats(abdominal and thigh fat' pads) were not also affected by the dietary treatments. Serum glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels markedly( P < 0.05) decreased in CLA II compared with those in CORN group. However, serum nonesterified fatty acid(NEFA) was not altered by dietary CLA. Serum leptin level was tended to be decreased by dietary CLA without statistical difference. The diet supplemented with CLA caused a significant(P< 0.05) decrease in hepatic total lipid and NEFA without changing triglyceride level. Also, feeding dietary CLA at the level of 1.5% reduced leptin mRNA expression in the liver and abdominal fats compared with feeding com oil, In conclusion, our results suggest that dietary 1.5% CLA may affect, at least in part, lipid metabolism in the liver of broiler chickens.