• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.18-26
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• 2003

Nylon 6.6 was treated with anionic synthetic tanning agent at different pH values, temperatures and liquor ratios to determine exhaustion properties. Treatments using syntan were conducted to the undyed nylon 6.6 fiber and three acid dyeings and then samples of the bath solution were subjected to HPLC analysis. Mass analysis was considered to determine the syntan components. In addition, the effect of applications using syntan and syntan/cation in improving the stain resistance was observed. The optimum treatment condition of syntan was achieved and the major component of syntan, being exhausted to the nylon substrates, was determined. In terms of stain blocking effect, a significant improvement was achieved by the syntan and syntan/cation treatments.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.140-144
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the clean appearance and good stretch properties. Usually, clean appearance concerned with the dyeing properties of core and effect yarns. The dyeing properties between core yarn (conjugate yarn) and effect yarn were determined by the build-up and the color differences using the four different yarns of SDY FD(spindraw yarn full dull), SDY CD(spindraw yarn cation dyeable), POY FD( partially-oriented yarn full dull) and POY CD(partially-oriented yarn cation dyeable). We used the single color dye of C. I. Disperse Blue 79 and mixed colors made by C. I. Disperse Red 60, C. I. Disperse Blue 56, and C. I. Disperse Yellow 54.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1999

The $BaTiO_3$ powders were synthesized by GNP (Glycine-Nitrate process). The powders were prepared using carbonate and alkoxide as starting materials and nitric acid was used as a solvent for starting materials as well as an oxidant for combustion. the effects of aggregates in $BaTiO_3$ powders on green densities, sintering and dielectric characteristics were investigated. When the glycine/cation molar ratio was 1.2, reactivity of self-combustion was most intensive and the degree of aggregates after calcination was low. On sintering at $1400^{\circ}C$, maximum theoretical relative density(94.99%%0 was obtained in case of 1.2 molar ratio of glycine/cation. The dielectric constant of this sintered $BaTiO_3$ was 1919.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.24-29
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• 1998

This study was carried out in order to elucidate the deterioration mechanism of paper according to various sizing chemicals. No additive paper and four kinds of papers containing rosin-alum, alum only, alkylketene dimer(AKD)-cation polymer and cation polymer only were treated by UV light to study changes of water-resistant, optical and mechanical properties from the view points of natural deterioration of paper. Since rosin chemicals have UV absorption at the relatively long wavelength region, rosins are degraded to form hydrophilic groups such as carboxylic acid from their double bonds by UV treatments. These phenomena caused the decreasing of sizing degree and wetting time in case of rosin-sized paper, while the UV treatments brought about the slight increase of wetting time in rosin-free papers such as no additive, alum and kymene only paper owing to the auto-sizing effect. Optical properties were primarily influenced by sizing chemicals. Rosin-sized paper showed lower brightness after UV and near UV treatment because of its UV instability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.55-64
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• 2005

1. 지렁이 분립량이 증가할수록 용적비중(bulk density), 유효수분함량(available water content), pH, 전기전도도(electrolytic conductivity), 무기물(ash), 전질소(total nitrogen), 양이온치환능력(cation exchange capcaity), 유효인산(available $P_{2}O_{5}$), 치환성양이온(exchangeable cation)이 증가하였다. 2. 근대는 분립 40${\sim}$100%의 혼합비율에서 초장(PL), 엽면적(LA), 엽수(NL), 엽면적(LA), 지상부 건물중(SHW), 근중(RW), 줄기두께(SD), 근중(RW) 및 생물학적수량(BY)이 다른 처리구보다 유의하게 높았다. 3. 열무는 분립 40${\sim}$60%의 혼합비율에서 초장(PL), 지상부 건물중(SHW), 근중(RW), 생물학적수량(BY)이 다른 처리구보다 유의하게 높았다. 3. 시금치와 상추는 40%의 혼합비율에서 지상부중(SHW), 근중(RW), 생물학적수량(BY)이 다른 처리구에 비해 유의하게 높았다(p${\leq}$0.05).

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.549-554
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• 2001

It is possible for concrete using sea sand to contain chloride ion as well as cation such as Na$^{+}$and $K^{+}$ during mixing process. It is known that some cations such as Na$^{+}$and $K^{+}$ remain in pore solution without binding In this study, therefore, we intend to inspect the behavior of cations in cement paste as well as NaCl, CaCl$_2$ and KCI through analysis of pore solution extracted from cement paste with high pressure vessel. As a result, increase of alkali ions by adding sea sand and admixtures to the fresh concrete means use of the cement contained high alkali contents. In this case, alkali ions in pore solution can decrease durability of cement products causing alkali-aggregate reaction or accelerated carbonation. So it needs to be studied.studied.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.377-382
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• 1992

For the development of solid oxide fuel cell the joined interface formation between perovskite oxygen electrode and YSZ solid electrolyte is emphasized in the aspect of reducing the undisirable overpotential. The diffusion couple of LaMnO3 and YSZ was prepared by hot pressing at 130$0^{\circ}C$ in the flow of oxygen gas. The high temperature solid state reaction mechanism between LaMnO3 and YSZ is discussed on the basis of the cation composition profile through EDX analysis. The cation components in perovskite compound diffuse considerably into YSZ, while cations of YSZ diffuse little into perovskite.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 1998

We have measured changes of the non-stoichiometry, $\Delta\delta$, in Fe-doped nicked oxide , by thermogravimetry for four iron fractions, x=0.01, 0.031, 0.057 and 0.10, and three temperatures, T=1273, 1373 and 1473 K. The obtained data can be modelled by a defect structure in which substitutional trivalent iron ions, FeNi, are compensated by cation vacancies, $V_{Ni}$", and (4:1)-clusters. These clusters consist of tetravalent interstitial iron, $Fe_i\;^4$

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.285-294
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• 1995

A comparative study on the chemical compositions of precipitations from February 1993 to April 1993 in Sungnam city of Kyunggi province, Inchon city, Kangneung city of Kangwon province, and Chongwon-gun of Chungbuk province has been performed. The metal cation and anion concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometer and ion liquid chromatography, respectively. pH/Ion meter and direct nesslerization method were used for the concentration measurements of $H^+$ and $NH^{4+}$ ions, respectively. The quantitative orders of the cation and anion average concentrations, correlation coefficients between the ion concentrations, and pH values are used for chemical analysis on the environmental pollution and pollutant sources in the urban, surburban, seaside, and rural areas of the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.595-601
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• 2009

The effects of the cation-to-anion resin ratio and bed depth on ion exchange performance of mixed-bed were studied at ultralow solution concentration. Breakthrough curves were experimentally obtained for NaCI solution as functions of resin ratio and bed depth. The bed depth affects the pattern of the sodium breakthrough curve but not the chloride breakthrough curve in beds because of the selectivity difference. Resin selectivity determines the shape of breakthrough curves, Some sodium and chloride breakthrough curves crossed at a point as a function of resin ratio. The lower cation-to-anion resin ratio showed the higher effluent concentration or treated volume of the crossover point regardless of the total resin weight.