• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.188-198
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• 2010

此研究旨在考察负口碑(即NWOM)对在线行销的影响, 着重分析服务失败的描述以及通信服务商的意向是如何影响消费者对企业竞争力的评估, 对企业的态度, 以及积极的口碑行销和行为意向. 对通信说服力的研究着重于 "谁说了什么; 对谁;通过何渠道;有何影响(Chiu 2007)". 在此我们研究了电子网络发布, 尤其是 "什么" 的两个方面: 通信服务失败的等级以及个人发布的知觉意向. 电子负口碑看似正在毁掉产品或企业的声誉, 这也就不难理解为什么人们总对它带有偏见, 认为其不可靠. 根据归因理论, 人们总会寻求事件的原因, 尤其是那些消极的意外的事件(Weiner 2006). Hennig-Thurau和Walsh (2003)提出 "既然读者的知识和对在线信息的作者信任度都很有限, 可以把电子口碑当做是表达-行为关系的有效调节. 此据此我们提出以下假设: 假设1. 在衡量(a)企业竞争力, (b)人们对企业的态度, (c)积极的口碑, 以及(d)行为意向时, 面临高等级服务失败电子负口碑的对象得分低于面临低等级服务失败电子负口碑的对象. 假设2. 在衡量(a)企业竞争力, (b)人们对企业的态度, (c)积极的口碑, 以及(d)行为意向时, 面临警告意向电子负口碑的对象得分低于面临报复意向电子负口碑的对象假设3. 在电子负口碑中, 服务失败的等级和知觉意向互相影响, 因此在衡量(a)企业竞争力, (b)人们对企业的态度, (c)积极的口碑, 以及(d)行为意向时, 警告意向的电子负口碑的平均反应值大于报复意向的电子负口碑. 主要研究包括一个2 (服务失败的严重性) x 2(警告意向VS报复意向的负口碑)的析因实验. 将通过模拟的在线网络发布信息刺激在线对象. 这一方案描述的服务失败是在传统的零售机构不接受礼物卡, 通过一家在线的研究公司从全国抽样. 共有113个对象参与此研究, 共分析了104份调查问卷. 研究对象认为该方案很现实, 92.3%对此反应强烈. 方案的运作相当令人满意, 所有的措施都经预先的测试验证, 各个项目也经分析证实可靠并有效. 多变量方差分析结果显示多变量间无明显的互相影响, 因此我们只研究主要影响-后倾向和服务失败的严重性. 后倾向主要影响对企业的态度, 积极的口碑和行为意向. 服务失败的严重性主要影响4个因变量: 企业的竞争力, 对企业的态度, 积极的口碑和行为意向. 需特别指出的是, 当电子负口碑描述为严重的服务失败时, 企业的竞争力低于电子负口碑描述为较轻的服务失败时. 当电子负口碑描述为严重的服务失败时, 对企业的态度差于电子负口碑描述为较轻的服务失败时. 当电子负口碑描述为严重的服务失败时, 企业的口碑差于电子负口碑描述为较轻的服务失败时. 当电子负口碑描述为严重的服务失败时, 行为意向低于电子负口碑描述为较轻的服务失败时. 因此, 假设1中的abcd都得到了支持. 另外, 衡量对企业的态度时, 警告意向的电子负口碑得分低于报复意向的电子负口碑. 衡量企业的口碑时, 警告意向的电子负口碑得分低于报复意向的电子负口碑. 衡量行为意向时, 警告意向的电子负口碑得分低于报复意向的电子负口碑. 因此与假设2中的a项不符, 尽管结果指向的是假设方向. 除此之外, 在假设的三个变量中, 后倾向对服务失败的严重性无明显的多变量或单变量影响. 因此, 假设3被推翻. 此研究有研究和管理的双重蕴涵, 如之前的研究一样, 此研究结果证实了服务失败的严重性影响消费者知觉, 态度, 积极的口碑以及行为意向(Weun et al. 2004). 关于进一步的相关性, 在线内容证实了该反应, 这意味着企业需要努力进行服务补救. 至于电子负口碑的知觉意向, 如之前的研究一样, 此研究结果意味着读者对原始资料的意向影响其对知觉, 态度, 积极口碑和行为意向的作用大小. 对管理者的蕴涵在于, 当消费者发现在线交流可靠且有影响力时, 不是所有的交流都同等重要. 电子口碑的好处在于它可以监测潜在的问题并提供纠正的可能性, 即使有潜在的危害.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2005

Steers (n=335) of known genetic backgrounds from four fundamentally different growth types were subjected to two production systems to study differences in carcass traits. Growth types were animals with genetic potential for large mature weight-late maturing, intermediate mature weight-late maturing, intermediate mature weight-early maturing and small mature weight-early maturing. Each year, in a nine-year study, calves of each growth type were weaned and five steers of each growth type were developed on pasture or feedlot and slaughtered at approximately 20 and 14 months of age, respectively. Data collected were pre-slaughter shrunk body weight (SBW); hot carcass weight (HCW); dressing percentage (DRESS); fat thickness at the $12^{th}$ and $13^{th}$ rib interface (FAT); percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (KPH); longissimus muscle area (LMA); marbling score (MARB); quality grade (QG); and yield grade (YG). Year and growth type were significant for all carcass traits. The growth type${\times}$production system interaction was an important source of variation in SBW, HCW; FAT, YG and MARB. The same interaction was non-significant for DRESS, KPH, LMA and QG. Carcass differences in measures of fatness were greater in the feedlot system than in the pasture system. These data could aid producers in matching beef growth type to the production system most suitable for efficient use of resources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1865-1873
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• 2007

An experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and lysine on carcass characteristics and meat quality in Arbor Acres (AA) broilers from 1 to 56 days of age. A total of 2,970 1-d-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to nine dietary treatments (three ME levels in combination with three lysine levels), and dietary ME and lysine concentrations were formulated by varying corn, soybean meal, tallow, and L-lysine sulfate concentrations. Live body weight (BW), carcass weight (CW), dressing percent, breast muscle weight (BMW), yield of breast muscle, muscle color (CIE L*, a*, and b*), pH values 45 min and 24 h postmortem ($pH_{45}$, and $pH_{24}$), meat shear force value (SFV), and water loss rate (WLR) were evaluated. Results showed that live body weight and dressing percent increased (p<0.05) as dietary energy increased. Higher dietary lysine content improved breast muscle weight. Neither carcass weight nor yield of breast muscle was affected by dietary energy or lysine content. Higher ME increased the b* value (p = 0.067) and $pH_{24}$ value (p<0.05), whereas it decreased SFV (p<0.05) and WLR (p = 0.06). Only water loss rate was influenced (p<0.01) by dietary lysine, which was higher in broilers from the high lysine diet as compared to those from medium or low lysine diets. The $pH_{45}$ value and L* value of breast muscle were not affected by ME or lysine. Significant interaction of dietary ME and lysine was found on a* value of breast muscle. These results indicated that dietary ME and lysine had important effects on breast muscle growth and meat quality, however their effects were different. Different concentrations of dietary ME and lysine might be considered to improve meat quality.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1091-1100
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• 2023

Objective: The present study is to examine the effect of high inclusion of co-products in pig diets (referred to as an alternative diet) during the finishing stage on pig growth performance, meat quality and boar taint compounds. Methods: Growing pigs were fed an alternative diet made with distillers dried grains with solubles (25%), canola meal (20%), and wheat middling (15%) or a control diet based on barley and soybean meal to investigate the impact of co-products on pig performance and meat quality. Sixteen female and sixteen entire male Duroc×(Large White×Landrace) pigs (22.6±2.07 kg, body weight±standard error) were equally allocated to the diets. Results: Pigs fed the alternative diet had a lower feed intake; however, growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were unaffected by diet. A diet by sex interaction was found for gain:feed whereby males fed the alternative diet had the best feed conversion (p<0.01). Pork from pigs fed the alternative diet had lower a^* and Chroma and protein % (p<0.05), while other meat quality characteristics were unaffected. The alternative diet reduced backfat skatole levels (p<0.001). Conclusion: A diet containing high inclusion levels of co-products can be fed to pigs during the finishing stage without detrimental effects on pig performance or meat quality and with the potential to enhance pork flavour. This finding suggests a solution to increase the sustainable development of pig production.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.460-474
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is a promising drug candidate for rheumatoid arthritis. This study examined the impact of polymorphisms in NR1I2, adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes on the pharmacokinetics of CK in healthy Chinese individuals. Methods: Forty-two targeted variants in seven genes were genotyped in 54 participants using Sequenom MassARRAY system to investigate their association with major pharmacokinetic parameters of CK and its metabolite 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD). Subsequently, molecular docking was simulated using the AutoDock Vina program. Results: ABCC4 rs1751034 TT and rs1189437 TT were associated with increased exposure of CK and decreased exposure of 20(S)-PPD, whereas CFTR rs4148688 heterozygous carriers had the lowest maximum concentration ($C_{max}$) of CK. The area under the curve from zero to the time of the last quantifiable concentration ($AUC_{last}$) of CK was decreased in NR1I2 rs1464602 and rs2472682 homozygous carriers, while $C_{max}$ was significantly reduced only in rs2472682. ABCC4 rs1151471 and CFTR rs2283054 influenced the pharmacokinetics of 20(S)-PPD. In addition, several variations in ABCC2, ABCC4, CFTR, and NR1I2 had minor effects on the pharmacokinetics of CK. Quality of the best homology model of multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) was assessed, and the ligand interaction plot showed the mode of interaction of CK with different MRP4 residues. Conlusion: ABCC4 rs1751034 and rs1189437 affected the pharmacokinetics of both CK and 20(S)-PPD. NR1I2 rs1464602 and rs2472682 were only associated with the pharmacokinetics of CK. Thus, these hereditary variances could partly explain the interindividual differences in the pharmacokinetics of CK.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 저전력 영상 특징 추출 하드웨어 설계를 위한 하드웨어 폴딩 기법 기반 저면적 Gradient magnitude 연산기 구조를 제안한다. 하드웨어 복잡도를 줄이기 위해 Gradient magnitude 벡터의 특징을 분석하여 기존 알고리즘을 하드웨어를 공유하여 사용할 수 있는 알고리즘으로 변경하여 Folding 구조가 적용될 수 있도록 했다. 제안된 하드웨어 구조는 기존 알고리즘의 특징을 최대한 이용했기 때문에 데이터 품질의 열화가 거의 없이 구현될 수 있다. 제안된 하드웨어 구조는 Altera Quartus II v16.0 환경에서 Altera Cyclone VI (EP4CE115F29C7N) FPGA를 이용하여 구현되었다. 구현 결과, 기존 하드웨어 구조를 이용하여 구현한 연산기와의 비교에서 41%의 logic elements, 62%의 embedded multiplier 절감 효과가 있음을 확인했다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제67권2호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2022

국내외 유전자원을 이용하여 HMW-GS 조성과 농업 특성이 밀가루 품질에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 1. 국내 자원의 HMW-GS 조성은 Glu-A1c와 Glu-A1b, Glu-B1b, Glu-D1f가 가장 많았고, Glu-B1i 또는 Glu-B1al을 가진 자원은 각 1개로 적었다. 외국 자원은 각 loci 별로 Glu-A1a, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d가 가장 많았고, Glu-B1에서는 Glu-B1i가 두번째로 많았다. 2. 국내자원은 도입자원에 비해 출수일수가 짧고 성숙일수가 길며, 글루텐 인덱스, 믹소그래프 반죽 강도(MPV 및 MPW)가 높은 반면, Glu-1 점수와 반죽시간, 반죽 안정성(MTxW)이 낮았다. 3. HMW-GS 조성과 품질 특성 간 관계를 분석한 결과 단백질 함량과 글루텐 함량은 Glu-B1i에서 가장 높았다. 글루텐 인덱스, 침전가, 믹소그래프 반죽시간, 반죽 안정성(MTxW)은 모두 공통적으로 Glu-B1의 Glu-B1i와 Glu-B1al에서 높게 나타났다. 반죽시간과 반죽 안정성(MTxW)은 Glu-A1a와 Glu-A1b, Glu-D1d에서도 높았다. 4. 농업 형질과 품질 특성의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 단백질 함량, 글루텐 인덱스, 침전가, 반죽 강도(MPV 및 MPW)는 공통적으로 출수일수와는 부의 상관, 성숙일수와는 정의 상관을 나타내었다. 이를 통해 국내 자원의 빠른 출수기와 충분한 성숙일수를 유지하면서 도입 자원이 가진 Glu-B1i, Glu-B1al, Glu-D1d 등의 유용한 HMW-GS 조성을 도입하면 고품질 밀 품종을 육성하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.64-68
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• 1978

${\times}$Populus alba glandulosa의 예비선발개체(豫備選拔個體) 39 clones을 경기화성(京畿華城), 경남진주(慶南晋州), 강원명주(江原溟州)에 각각(各各) 식재(植栽)하여 3년생(年生)의 수고생장(樹高生長)을 비교(比較)한바, 선발개체(選拔個體)인 Clone간(間)에는 생장차이(生長差異)가 인정(認定)되었고 지역간(地域間)에도 생장차(生長差)가 있었다. 그러나 Clone과 지역간(地域間)에 Interaction(상호작용(相互作用))은 없었다. 1. 생장(生長)이 우량(優良)한 개체(個體)는 65-29-19, 65-11-106, 67-47-10, 66-14-149, 64-6-44 들이며 2. 경기화성(京畿華城), 경남진주(慶南晋州), 조림지(造林地)는 수고생장(樹高生長)이 각각(各各) 3.83m, 4.02m인데 반하여 강원명주(江原溟州) 조림지(造林地)는 불과 1.06m 밖에 되지 않았다. 3. 강원명주(江原溟州) 조림지(造林地)는 해발고(海拔高) 800m로서 년평균기온(年平均氣溫)이 $6.2^{\circ}C$로서 기온(氣溫)이 낮아 생장(生長)할수 있는 기간(期間) 다른 두조림지(造林地)에 비(比)하여 매년(每年) 2~3개월(個月)가량 짧기 때문에 생장(生長)이 부진(不振)한 것으로 생각된다. 4. 앞으로 우량개체(優良個體)를 선발(選拔)하는데는 생장(生長)뿐만 아니라 수간(樹幹)의 통직성(通直性), 가지(지(枝)) 재질(材質), 내병충성(耐病蟲性) 등(等) 여러 형질(形質)을 감안하여 우량개체(優良個體)를 선발(選拔)해야 할것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.116-121
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• 2004

It is known that the transportation stress of market pigs can affect their carcass quality and that blood concentrations of glucose, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are indicators of the transportation stress. Fifty-seven gilts and 57 barrows weighing approximately 110 kg were randomly assigned into six groups in a 3 [high (0.31 $m^2/100$ kg BW)-, medium (0.35 $m^2$)- and low (0.39 $m^2$)-stocking densities]${\times}2$[1 h vs. 3 h transportation time] arrangement of treatments. Blood samples were taken during transportation and after 2 h lairage. The percentage of "standing" animals during transportation was less in the low- than in the mediumor high-stocking density; the opposite was true for the "sitting" posture. Plasma concentrations of glucose, CK and LDH increased after loading and declined to the resting levels after lairage. Concentrations of CK and LDH were greater in the 3 h vs. 1 h transportation group. Moreover, the LDH concentration was less in the low- than in the medium- or high-density group. Also detected was a significant interaction between the stocking density and transportation time in all of these blood variables. The incidence of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) carcass was greatest in the high-stocking density group. Interestingly, the PSE incidence increased following the 3 h vs. 1 h transportation at the low-density, but not at the medium-density. Results suggest that the medium-density may be preferable to the lowdensity in the long-distance transportation.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2007

pH 조절과 소금 첨가에 따른 돼지 뒷다리 부위를 이용한 수리미의 품질특성을 파악하기 위하여 C(명태수리미, 수세 2회, 소금 무첨가), 나머지 처리구들은 돼지 뒷다리 부위를 활용하여 제조한 수리미로 T1(pH 3.0, 소금 무첨가), T2(pH 3.0, 소금 첨가), T3(pH 11.0, 소금 무첨가) 및 T4(pH 11.0, 소금 첨가) 처리구로 하여 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 육색은 pH가 높을수록 $L^*$값과 W값은 높았지만 $a^*$값과 $b^*$값은 현저하게 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 소금 첨가로 W값은 높았지만 $a^*$값과 $b^*$값은 현저하게 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 조직감의 응집성은 pH가 높을수록 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 탄력성을 제외한 모든 조직특성은 소금 첨가로 인해 현저하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 파괴강도와 젤강도는 pH가 높을수록 높게 나타났고(p<0.05), 파괴강도, 젤강도 및 젤리강도는 소금 첨가로 인해 높게 나타났으나, 전단가는 오히려 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 관능검사 결과 연도는 pH가 높을수록 높게 나타났고(p<0.05), 소금 첨가로 인해 모든 관능평가 항목은 현저하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). pH 조절과 소금 첨가 유무 상호작용에는 육색, 조직감, 파괴강도, 변형값, 젤강도, 전단가 및 관능검사 결과는 현저한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 처리간에는 T2와 T4가 C와 가장 유사한 육색, 조직감, 물리적 특성 및 관능검사 결과를 나타내었고, 그 중에서도 pH 11.0 조절과 2% 소금 첨가구인 T4가 전반적으로 더 좋은 품질이었다.