• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.37-47
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• 2018

This study was attempted to understand present status and characteristics of landscape components of the domestic Korean Gugokwonlim created by the classical scholars in the Joseon Dynasty. The results are as follows. First, Distribution of Gukokwonlim in Korea shows that 55(51.4%) are located in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do, and 22(20.56%) are located in Chungcheongbuk-do. Concentrated locations of Gugok are on the part of Baekdudaegan, from Sobaeksan mountain to Sokrisan mountain via Wolaksan mountain, and the Nakdong River basin of the Nakdong vein in the right bank. This consideration seems to be closely related to the academy of Yeongnam Confucianism and the their trend of Wonrim enjoyment. Second, according to the result of examining the distribution of Gugok according to the basic local government authority, The biggest number of the Gugok places(10 places, 9.35%) are located in Andong, which is called 'the capital of Korean spiritual culture.' Additionally in order, 9 places(9.45%) is located in Goesan, 8 places(7.48%) in Mungyung, 6 places(5.61%) in Bonghwa, and 5 places(4.67%) in Yeongju. Third, in order to the creating time of Gugokwonlim, 33 (33.0%) were created in $18^{th}$ century, and other 33 (33.0%) were created in $19^{th}$ century. In addition, 14 were created during $20^{th}$ century, while 13 were created in $17^{th}$ century. And 4 were created in $16^{th}$ century. Respectively. great number of $18^{th}$ and $19^{th}$ centuries shows that many(66.0%) Gugokwonrim were created between late 18th to 19th centuries. Fourth, There were 97(90.65%) of 'Gugok' in the form of collecting type, and a total number of bottom-up style Gugok were 99(92.5%) while top-down style Gugok were 8(7.5%). Fifth, Among the contents of Gugok, 67 were found in pome of Gugok(64.49%), 29 caved letters in rock(27.10%), and 16 in painting of Gugok(14.95%). Sixth, The most emerged landscape components of Gugok was Dae(臺) 124(13.05%), followed by Am(巖) 115[11.2%, including of Am(岩)] 115(11.2%), and Dam(潭) 73(7.68%), Jeong(亭) 48(5.05%), Dong(洞) 39(4.10%), San(山) 36(3.78%), Am(岩, rocks) 31(3.26 %), Bong(峯, peaks) 27(2.84%), Yeon(淵) 23(2.42%) and Chun(川) and Tan(灘) 22(2.31%). Mostly, common landscape components of Gugok are entrusted natural things. It is expected that more studies about the analysis of characteristics of Gugok's positioning types considering total distance and a gradient are required to understand more clearly characteristics and location distribution of true Gugok and its landscape components.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.122-130
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• 2015

We collected and identified 5,721 ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies (EcM) from Naejangsan National Park from June 2004 to 2013, belonging to 1 phylum, 1 class, 6 orders, 19 families, 40 genera, and 196 species. Of these, 2,249 individuals were identified as 89 species belonging to 11 genera in 7 families in the Agaricales; 1,511 were identified as 43 species belonging to 2 genera in 1 family in the Russulales; 1,132 were identified as 50 species belonging to 21 genera in 6 families in the Boletales; 793 were identified as 8 species belonging to 3 genera in 2 families in the Cantharellales; 29 were identified as 3 species belonging to 2 genera in 2 families in the Thelephorales; and 7 were identified as 3 species belonging to 1 genus in 1 family in the Gomphales. Thus, most of the EcMs identified belonged to the following 3 orders: Agaricales, Russulales, and Boletales. Russulaceae were most common (43 species), followed by Boletaceae (39 species), and Amanitaceae (27 species); most individuals were Russulaceae (1,511), followed by Hydnagiaceae (1,071) and Boletaceae (804). The monthly distribution showed that the greatest number of individuals and species of EcM, including the dominant ones, occur around July~September at an elevation of 200~299 m, diminishing markedly above 600 m. The greatest number of individuals and species, including the dominant ones, were collected in the period with average temperatures $25.0{\sim}26.9^{\circ}C$, lows of $21.0{\sim}22.9^{\circ}C$, and highs of $30.0{\sim}31.9^{\circ}C$, relative humidity > 76%, and rainfall > 400 mm.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.23-30
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• 2010

The optimal growth condition of in vitro stem cutting of Dendrobium nobile 'Hamana Lake Dream' ${\times}$ 'No. 55' was investigated. Among various media and their concentrations, MS media had better effect on the growth of micro stem cutting than Hyponex media in all concentration levels except stem length. The activated charcoal concentration in MS media showed different effects on number of stem and root, leaf length, and fresh weight: the most effective in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 g/L and barely effective above 2.0 g/L. Addition of agar 5 g/L, sucrose at 40 g/L, and peptone at 1 g/L to MS media increased significantly stem length, leaf width, and fresh weight, internode length and number of roots, and the number of stem and leaves. On the other hand, addition of gelite with any concentration had no effect on the growth of micro stem cutting compare to that of control. The optimal temperature for growth of micro stem cutting was $28^{\circ}C$. Under the same temperature, MS medium was better than Hyponex medium for the growth of stem. In addition, sucrose at 40 g/L was the most effective on growth at $28^{\circ}C$.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.10A no.6
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• pp.671-676
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• 2003

In this paper, we proposed a new First Partial product Addition (FPA) architecture with new compressor (or parallel counter) to CSA tree built in the process of adding partial product for improving speed in the fast parallel multiplier to improve the speed of calculating partial product by about 20% compared with existing parallel counter using full Adder. The new circuit reduces the CLA bit finding final sum by N/2 using the novel FPA architecture. A 5.14nS of multiplication speed of the $16{\times}16$ multiplier is obtained using $0.25\mu\textrm{m}$ CMOS technology. The architecture of the multiplier is easily opted for pipeline design and demonstrates high speed performance.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.35-44
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• 1968

The longitudinal cut method of experimental ship wave analysis, originally developed by J.N. Newman, is presented and various plausible sources of error are discussed. A further use of autocorrelation function and crosscorrelation function when two wave systems are superposed is indicated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 2015

This study aims to identify variables (dependent and independent variables) by plane type and area, focusing on the R.C structure planes which were applied to the National Rental Housing Complexes during the 1970-80s; and to investigate differences in residential space compositions depending on the interrelationship between the variables. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, an independent variable which had the most influence on the residential space composition was found to be stairs. As dependent variables, bedroom, livingroom, and kitchen showed difference in spatial arrangements. Second, in the case of the front entry type, one-sided arrangements were the most common for the 3L+D.K composition, because livingroom was arranged near the stairs, Disadvantages were: (1) the spatial division of each room was not efficient; and (2) the use of room space was low due to long access to each room. Third, in the case of the rear entry type, no problem was found in arranging bedrooms on the front side. By arranging livingroom as a common space area, the distance of approachability to each room was found to be short and the use of space was excellent. However, disadvantages were: (1) stability was lacking; and (2) privacy was low. Fourth, depending on the location of the stairs, an interaction between bedrooms and the connectivity between livingroom and kitchen were found. Accordingly, there were differences in the size and arrangement of space by plane type.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.85-100
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• 1994

This study was to analyze the relationship between the community or species and environmental variables of the vegetation landscape in Naejangsan National Park. The analysis was performed by the ordination of DCA and CCA. The study was to compare and analyze the species composition status by the layer and the growth characterisics of the following vegetations ; Torreya nucifera community, Quercus variabilis - Acer palmatum community, Q. variabilis community, Q. variabilis - Sasa purpurascens community and Daphniphyllam macropodum community. The results are as follows; 1. The result of the study on the relationshkp between the stand scores of DCA ordination and environmental variables showed that the soil pH, the ammount of AV-P2O5 and the ammount of C.E.C. tend to increase while Pinus densiflora community changes to Q. variabilis - Q. serrata community and finally Carpinus laxiflora species community siginigicantly. The relation between the stand scores of CCA ordination and several enviromental variables suggested that the species of C. laxiflora and C. tschonoskii the species of Q. cariabilis and Q. serrata the species of C. pisifera, P. densiflora and Q. aliana in sequence grows in more fertile soil. 2. As the result of the analysis of the T. nucifera community showed, reproduction did not increase, and the characteristic of growth was not affected. The result is shown in the growth curve that was damaged by the climate and the human interference. 3. The A. palmatum was found to be as minor species in the middle layer and the crown areas did not have sufficient crown. 4. The result of the analysis of the relationship between Q. variabilis community and Q. variabilis - S. purpurascens community showed a decreasing tendency in the growth and number of species. 5. D. macropodum which constituted the dominance species in the middle layer had a nomal growth curve, and then the successional trend of D. macropodum species seems to be located in the climax species.

• Biomaterials and Biomechanics in Bioengineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2015

To engineer tissue-like structures, cells are required to organize themselves into three-dimensional networks that mimic the native tissue micro-architecture. Here, we present agarose-based multi-well platform incorporated with electrical stimulation to build skeletal muscle-like tissues in a facile and highly reproducible fashion. Electrical stimulation of C2C12 cells encapsulated in collagen/matrigel hydrogels facilitated the formation 3D muscle tissues. Consequently, we confirmed the transcriptional upregulations of myogenic related genes in the electrical stimulation group compared to non-stimulated control group in our multi-well 3D culture platform. Given the robust fabrication, engineered muscle tissues in multi-well platform may find their use in high-throughput biological studies drug screenings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics C
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• v.36C no.9
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

In this paper, we designed an embedded processor with 128Kbytes EPROM and 4Kbytes SRAM based on GMS30C2132 which RISC processor with DSP functions. And a new architecture of bus sharing to control the embedded memory and external memory unit i proposed aiming at one-cycle access between memories and CPU. For embedded 128Kbytes EPROM, we designed the new expansion interface for data size at data ordering with memory organization and the efficient interface for test. The embedded SRAM supports an extended stack area high speed DSP operation, instruction cache and variable data-length control which is accessed with 4K modulo addressing schemes. The proposed new architecture and circuits reduced the memory access cycle time from 40ns and improved operation speed 2-times for program benchmark test. The chip is occupied $108.68mm^2$ using $0.6{\mu}m$ CMOS technology.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.50-67
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• 1993

This study analyzed the distribution and structure of the vegetation landscape in Naejangsan National Park. The plant distribution was investigated using a field survey. There were 72 sites sampled using the clumpled sampling method. The data derived from the investigation was analyzed using the quantitative analysis of Bray-Curtis method. The analysis was performed by the classification of TWINSPAN. The ordination of DCA and RA was used for the species composition and successional trends. The results are as follows; 1. Quercus. serrata-Q. variabilis community as 21.76(16.49$\textrm{km}^2$), was the largest community in the actual vegetation of the Naejangsan National Park. The degree of green naturality index 8 area covered 64.8% of the study area and the index 6 area did 16%. 2. Classified by the ordination of DCA and environmental variables, such as the plant community was divided into seven groups according to the altitude and forming groups; Chamaecy Paris. pisifera-P.densiflora community, P.densiflora community, Q.variailis community, T.nuciofera-A.palmatum community. 3. Ther species diversity and evenness indices of C.pisifera-P.densiflora community, P.densiflora community appeared low but C.laxiflora communitywhich was the most stable community in the study area. 4. The similarity indices between Q.variabilis community and Q.serrata-Q.variabilis community were calculated 58.84%, but those between other communities were comparatively low level. 5. The successional trends of DBH class seem to be from C. pisifera-P.densiflora community, P.densiflora community to Quercus species community and from Q.variabilis community, Q.serrata-Q.variabilis community to Carpinus species community. 6. Results suggested that the successional trends in Naejangsan National Park; P.densiflora community\longrightarrowQ.variablilis community, Q.serrata-Q.variabilis community\longrightarrowC.laxiflora community in sequence.