• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2024

In this study, we aimed to determine the various effects of Osmanthus fragrans (O. fragrans) flower extract on the skin in order to utilize it as a cosmetic material. For this purpose, Osmanthus fragrans flower extract (OFFE) of Jeju Island was prepared and used in the experiment. The experiments were evaluated by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and lipid droplet staining assay. First, the OFFE decreased the gene expressions of three representative pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, and IL-1α) and an inflammation-related enzyme, PTGS2 induced by poly I:C in epidermal keratinocytes. In addition, the OFFE increased the gene expression levels of collagen (COL1A1) and elastin (ELN) in dermal fibroblasts. Further, the OFFE showed the inhibitory effect in sebum production by linoleic acid in sebocytes. Therefore, from this study, it is expected that OFFE can be used as a natural cosmetic material for anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and sebum inhibitory efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.213-217
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• 1997

AOhf(Hcousto-r)l)tic niodulator) with :!OOlIiz freclucncl- and Sfi(;(Seconrl harmonic generation) green lasel-Lvith 53% nm wavelength were used for Il\'IIII~Dii.it,ii v~ilco disk recorder) FOI rhe appli~aptin of high densit]. optical recording, a high po\ver I ~ c r is r c ~ ~ l i ~ i l - u l ic I !tic. s\-sti,m a n d optic.,~I io;iting l,t)c>rs of each optical device must have a high laser damage threshoid hie rn;itie ant] retlwtive coatings on a $TeO_{2}$ singlc crystal. which is used as an acoustooptic material, by E-beam evaporation method. Laser damage threshold \vas nicdsureci hy Ar laser with the input power oi 0.55LV 1,aser damage threiholti 01 $ZrO_{2}$ and $SiO_{2}$. filn-is were higher than $AI_{2}O_{3}$ f i l m U'e also investigated a long--tern1 stability of the output po\ver of St{(; green laser

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1980

A parallel flats faraction for the $3^n$ factorial experiment is symbolically written as $At = C(r\timesf)$ where $A(r\timesn)$ is of rank r. The A-matrix partitions the nonnegligible effects into $(3^{n-r}-1)/2+1$ alias sets. The $U_i$ effects in the i-th alias set are related pairwise by elements from $S_3$, the symmetric group on three symbols. For each alias set the f flats produce an $f \times u_i$ alias componet permutation matrices (ACPM) with elements from $S_3$. All the information concerning the relationships among levels of the effects is contained in the ACPM.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1113-1121
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• 2018

Let R be a prime ring (or semiprime ring) with center Z(R), I a nonzero ideal of R, T an automorphism of $R,S:R^n{\rightarrow}R$ be a symmetric skew n-derivation associated with the automorphism T and ${\Delta}$ is the trace of S. In this paper, we shall prove that S($x_1,{\ldots},x_n$) = 0 for all $x_1,{\ldots},x_n{\in}R$ if any one of the following holds: i) ${\Delta}(x)=0$, ii) [${\Delta}(x),T(x)]=0$ for all $x{\in}I$. Moreover, we prove that if $[{\Delta}(x),T(x)]{\in}Z(R)$ for all $x{\in}I$, then R is a commutative ring.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

The representative concept of the future war is NCW. The main point of NCW is that it is connected by networ ks and gathers the battlefield status in real time, managing and controlling it. This is most needed in the navy. Operations of the navy are carried out in wide areas, individually or together. During this process, sharing information between each warship should be essential. Furthermore in the case of the American navy, they see the entire world as the operation area so it is a representative example of NCW. The C4I system of the Korean army is separated a ccording to the difference of each army's tactics and weapon system, being developed and managed differently. The refore there is a problem of interoperability lacking in each system. This paper analyzes the developed C4I system of the American navy to analyze the problems of C4I system of the Korean army, and propose the future direction of its development.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.1071-1085
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• 2016

For $b{\in}L^1_{loc}({\mathbb{R}}^n)$, let ${\mathcal{I}}_{\alpha}$ be the bilinear fractional integral operator, and $[b,{\mathcal{I}}_{\alpha}]_i$ be the commutator of ${\mathcal{I}}_{\alpha}$ with pointwise multiplication b (i = 1, 2). This paper shows that if the commutator $[b,{\mathcal{I}}_{\alpha}]_i$ for i = 1 or 2 is bounded from the product Morrey spaces $L^{p_1,{\lambda}_1}({\mathbb{R}}^n){\times}L^{p_2,{\lambda}_2}({\mathbb{R}}^n)$ to the Morrey space $L^{q,{\lambda}}({\mathbb{R}}^n)$ for some suitable indexes ${\lambda}$, ${\lambda}_1$, ${\lambda}_2$ and $p_1$, $p_2$, q, then $b{\in}BMO({\mathbb{R}}^n)$, as well as that the compactness of $[b,{\mathcal{I}}_{\alpha}]_i$ for i = 1 or 2 from $L^{p_1,{\lambda}_1}({\mathbb{R}}^n){\times}L^{p_2,{\lambda}_2}({\mathbb{R}}^n)$ to $L^{q,{\lambda}}({\mathbb{R}}^n)$ implies that $b{\in}CMO({\mathbb{R}}^n)$ (the closure in $BMO({\mathbb{R}}^n)$of the space of $C^{\infty}({\mathbb{R}}^n)$ functions with compact support). These results together with some previous ones give a new characterization of $BMO({\mathbb{R}}^n)$ functions or $CMO({\mathbb{R}}^n)$ functions in essential ways.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.477-481
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• 2003

The community escape response of Rhodobacter sphaeroides is exerted through the action of CerR and CerI, which code for a LuxR-type regulatory protein and acylhomoserine lactone synthase, respectively. Deletion of chromosomal DNA including cerR and cerI (mutant RI) or insertional interruption of cert (mutant AP3) resulted in two-fold increase in the cellular poly-${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) content In comparison with the wild-type under aerobic growth conditions. The PHB synthase (PhbC) activities of the cer mutants were doubled, and the enzyme expression was regulated at the level of phbC transcription. Thus, CerR, possibly in response to autoinducer (AI), appears to modulate the PHB content of aerobically grown cells by downregulating phbC transcription.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.152-156
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• 1997

In this paper, I meritioned ,I study on thc rnechanochernic;~l effec ts of grountl iljckite To investigate the mechanochemical effects of ground tlickite 1,y planet,~r\- mill. a structul-ill i~nalvsis of dickite prepared with different grinding time has been made 11y X-ray diffraction and ilifierenti,~l tl~i.~-ni;~i analysis. 'l'he $SiO_{4}$ hecira was unchanged bl- milling and remained ;is the local ordering unit s t t - ~ c ~ u ~ - c ~ s in the ground dickitc samples I ) v analyzing the radial distribution function. On the other hand, with an increi~se of the grinding time a decrease of coordination number and atomic distance bet\vccn aluminum and oxygen hi1c.r l~een octurreil, and Li~~antitativcl\. coniirrned them This result corresponded to the local c,hange around aliimi~iuni I>V tliftercntii~l t1ii:rm;il ani~lysis. Therefore, the mechanochemical phenomina of ground tiickite werc3 h e to the local c~l~mge around aluminum \IT. the prolonged grinding.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.977-986
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• 2015

Let G be a graph on the vertex set $V(G)=\{x_1,{\cdots},x_n\}$ with the edge set E(G), and let $R=K[x_1,{\cdots},x_n]$ be the polynomial ring over a field K. Two monomial ideals are associated to G, the edge ideal I(G) generated by all monomials $x_i,x_j$ with $\{x_i,x_j\}{\in}E(G)$, and the vertex cover ideal $I_G$ generated by monomials ${\prod}_{x_i{\in}C}{^{x_i}}$ for all minimal vertex covers C of G. A minimal vertex cover of G is a subset $C{\subset}V(G)$ such that each edge has at least one vertex in C and no proper subset of C has the same property. Indeed, the vertex cover ideal of G is the Alexander dual of the edge ideal of G. In this paper, for an unmixed bipartite graph G we consider the lattice of vertex covers $L_G$ and we explicitly describe the minimal free resolution of the ideal associated to $L_G$ which is exactly the vertex cover ideal of G. Then we compute depth, projective dimension, regularity and extremal Betti numbers of R/I(G) in terms of the associated lattice.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.557-578
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• 2013

For an ideal $\mathcal{I}$ of a preadditive category $\mathcal{A}$, we study when the canonical functor $\mathcal{C}:\mathcal{A}{\rightarrow}\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{I}$ is local. We prove that there exists a largest full subcategory $\mathcal{C}$ of $\mathcal{A}$, for which the canonical functor $\mathcal{C}:\mathcal{C}{\rightarrow}\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{I}$ is local. Under this condition, the functor $\mathcal{C}$, turns out to be a weak equivalence between $\mathcal{C}$, and $\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{I}$. If $\mathcal{A}$ is additive (with splitting idempotents), then $\mathcal{C}$ is additive (with splitting idempotents). The category $\mathcal{C}$ is ample in several cases, such as the case when $\mathcal{A}$=Mod-R and $\mathcal{I}$ is the ideal ${\Delta}$ of all morphisms with essential kernel. In this case, the category $\mathcal{C}$ contains, for instance, the full subcategory $\mathcal{F}$ of Mod-R whose objects are all the continuous modules. The advantage in passing from the category $\mathcal{F}$ to the category $\mathcal{F}/\mathcal{I}$ lies in the fact that, although the two categories $\mathcal{F}$ and $\mathcal{F}/\mathcal{I}$ are weakly equivalent, every endomorphism has a kernel and a cokernel in $\mathcal{F}/{\Delta}$, which is not true in $\mathcal{F}$. In the final section, we extend our theory from the case of one ideal$\mathcal{I}$ to the case of $n$ ideals $\mathcal{I}_$, ${\ldots}$, $\mathca{l}_n$.