• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.253-253
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• 2022

Codonopsis lanceolata (C. lanceolata) has been widely used in East Asia as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases such as bronchitis, convulsions, cough, obesity, and hepatitis. C. lanceolata belonging to Campanulaceae contains bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, saponins, and steroids. However, despite the pharmacological significance of C. lanceolata, the genetic information of this plant is limited and there are few studies of its transcriptome. In this study, we constructed a unigene set of C. lanceolata using Pac-Bio sequencing. Furthermore, the reads generated from Pac-bio and Illumina sequencing were mixed and assembled using rnaSPAdes. All genes involved in the triterpenoid pathway, a major bioactive compounds of C. lanceolata, were searched from the two unigene sets and the expression profiles of these genes were analyzed. The results showed that lupeol, beta-amyrin, and dammarenediol synthesis genes were activated in the leaves and roots of C. lanceolata. In particular, the expression of genes related to lupeol synthesis was relatively high, suggesting that the main triterpenoid of C. lanceolata is lupeol. Transcriptome studies related to lupeol synthesis in C. lanceolata have been rarely reported. Lupeol has been reported to have pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial. This study suggests the importance of C. lanceolata as a lupeol producing plant.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.405-410
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• 2013

Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) traditionally have been used as a tonic and to treat patients with lung abscesses. Recently, it was proposed that the extract and some compounds isolated from C. lanceolata reversed scopolamine-induced memory and learning deficits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the improvement of cognitive enhancing effect of C. lanceolata by steam and fermentation process in scopolamine-induced memory impairment mice models by passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. The extract of C. lanceolata or the extract of steamed and fermented C. lanceolata (SFCE) was orally administered to male mice at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight. As a result, mice treated with steamed and fermented C. lanceolata extract (SFCE) (300 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) showed shorter escape latencies than those with C. lanceolata extract or the scopolamine-administered group in Morris water maze test. Also, it exerted longer step-through latency time than scopolamine treated group in passive avoidance test. Furthermore, neuroprotective effect of SFCE on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity was assessed in HT22 cells. Only SFCE-treated cells showed significant protection at 500 ${\mu}g/ml$. Interestingly, steamed C. lanceolata with fermentation contained more phenolic acid including gallic acid and vanillic acid than original C. lanceolata. Collectively, these results suggest that steam and fermentation process of C. lanceolata increased cognitive enhancing activity related to the memory processes and neuroprotective effect than original C. lanceolata.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2014

Alzheimer's disease is progressive neurodegenerative disorder by the loss of memory and learning abilities. Codonopsis lanceolata (C. lanceolata) is traditional medicinal plant used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of steamed C. lanceolata on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test. In addition, this study investigated the neuroprotective effects of steamed C. lanceolata on glutamate-induced cell death in HT22 cells using MTT assay. The results showed that steamed C. lanceolata (500 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) reversed spatial memory impairment by scopolamine in Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test. Steamed C. lanceolata attenuated memory impairment by scopolamine compared with common C. lanceolata. In addition, administration of steamed C. lanceolata significantly also reduced cell death. We suggest that steaming process more improve cognitive enhancing and neuroprotective effect of C. lanceolata than common C. lanceolata.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.161-161
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the effect of growth regulators on the formation of the organ in the in vitro propagation of diploid and tetraploid Codonopsis lanceolata, and gain the basic data for in vitro propagation of superior C. lanceolata. In the case of diploid C. lanceolata, the highestshoot formation (3.0) was observed at 0.5 mg·L^-1 addition medium with low IBA concentration. The shoot formation of tetraploid C. lanceolata was suppressed by addition of IBA. In the addition of lAA, the shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata was slightly higher at 1.0 mg·-L^-1 addition medium than that of control group, whereas tetraploid C. lanceolata showed the highest number (5.4) from control group. In the case of NAA, the shoot formation of diploid and tetra C. lanceolata tended to decrease at higher concentration. In terms of BA addition, the shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata was increased by the addition of BA, whereaswhile the growth of shoot was decreased by the addition of BA. In the case of tetraploid C. lanceolata, shoot was found to be formed by the addition of low concentration of BA, and the growth of shoot was inhibited with the higher addition concentration of BA. With the addition of kinetin, the shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata was slightly higher than that of control group, and the formation of adventitious root was highest (5.3) in the control group. In the case of tetraploid C. lanceolata, the shoot formation was similar in all treatment groups, but the formation and growth of adventitious root were significantly lower than that of diploid C. lanceolata. In the case of TDZ addition, the shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata showed the pronounced results at 5.0 mg·L^-1 addition medium, and the growth of shoot was inhibited by the addition of TDZ. The formation of adventitious root was 5.3 and 4.9 in the control group and 0.1 mg·L^-1 addition medium respectively. The formation of the shoot of tetraploid C. lanceolata showed better results with the higher concentration of TDZ, and the growth was better with the lower concentration of TDZ. The formation and growth of adventitious root were significantly slower than that of diploid C. lanceolata.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop optimal control tactics of the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, using cultural method and biological agents ｛Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Paecilomyces lilacinus and plant extract (Huhjunl)｝ in the fields of Codonopsis lanceolata. Germination of C. lanceolata was susceptible to fosthiazate, but not to Bt or a plant extract. In pot assay, the inhibitory effect of two microbial agents, Bt and Paecilomyces lilacinus, on M. hapla were significant, but less than that of fosthiazate. The plant extract also had significantly inhibitory effect on M. hapla. In field assay, treatments of P lilacinus and fosthiazate resulted in maximal yields and qualities of C. lanceolata. The effect of the plant extract on the yields of C. lanceolata was also better than no treatment. The nematode-occurring condition of the fields before transplanting had significant effect on development of C. lanceolata; nematode-occurring field type gave less yields than nematode-free field type. These results suggest that a cultural control technique using paddy field, microbial pesticides using Bt or P lilacinus, and the plant extract are the promising control tactics against M. hapla in C. lanceolata fields. As a field manual to decrease economical damage of C. lanceolata due to M. hapla, this study suggests that C. lanceolata can be cultured directly in paddy field or in upland field after nematode control using microbial agents or the plant extract.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2005

We investigated the changes of fibrinolytic and antioxidative activities of wild or cultivated Codonopsis lanceolata, which were packed in woven polypropylene (WP) film or low density polyethylene (LDPE) film and stored for 0, 15, and 30 days at refrigerated $(2\~4^{\circ}C)$ or room $(l8\~20^{\circ}C)$ temperature (So we have 16 samples, and wrote them as the abbreviated words such as W-WP-RE-15, W-WP-RO-15, W-LDPE-RE-15, W-LDPE-RO-15, W-WP-RE-30, W-WP-RO-30, W-LDPE-RE-30, W-LDPE-RO-30, C-WP-RE-15, C-WP-RO-15, C-LDPE-RE-15, C-LDPE-RO-15, C-WP-RE-30, C-WP-RO-30, C-LDPE-RE-30, C-LDPE-RO-30). Fibrinolytic activity of fresh Codonopsis lanceolata cultivated in the mountain or field were 0.8 unit (plasmin unit/ml) or 7.3 units, respectively. In descending order, the activities of wild Codonopsis lanceolata stored for 15 days were as followed; LDPE-RE (0.70 unit), WP-RO (0.52 unit), WP-RE (0.45 unit), and LDPE-RO (0.30 unit). After 30 days, fibrinolytic activities of them decreased to 0.47 unit (LDPE-RE), 0.28 unit (WP-RO), 0.21 unit (WP-RE), and 0.30 unit (LDPE-RO). Considering from the point of fibrinolytic activity, the optimal storage condition of wild Codonopsis lanceolata was packing with LDPE film and storing at $4^{\circ}C$. The change of fibrinolytic activities of Codonopsis lanceolata cultivated in the field revealed the similar trend as wild samples, but the fibrinolytic activities of 30 days-stored samples were maintained better than the wild Codonopsis lanceolata. Fibinolytic activity of wild Codonopsis lancealata was increased by heating for 5 min at $100^{\circ}C$ and decreased by addition of NaCl. Antioxidative activities of Codonopsis lanceolata were also compared from the electron donating activity. Fresh Codonopsis lanceolata had about $70\%$ of electron donating activity. Independent of cultivation area, electron donating activity dropped to $19\~74\%$ (wild Codonopsis lanceolata) and $27\~59\%$ (cultivated Codonopsis lanceolata) during 15 days storage. But after 30 days storage, we obtained the unexpected results, which meant that the activities were higher activities than 15 days-stored samples or even though the fresh samples. In general, Codonopsis lanceolata could maintain antioxidative activities most strongly with LDPE film and chilled condition.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.323-329
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• 2013

This study was designed to determine and compare the cognitive enhancing effect of various Codonopsis lanceolata extracts by steaming, fermentation and high hydrostatic pressure process. We prepared water extract of C. lanceolata, steamed C. lanceolata, steamed and fermented C. lanceolata and C.lanceolata by high hydrostatic pressure process and fermentation. Cognitive enhancing effect of extracts was evaluated in scopolamine-induced memory impairment mice using by passive avoidance test and Morris water maze tests. MTT assay was conducted to investigate neuroprotective effect on glutamate induced cell death in HT22 cells. Steamed and fermented C. lanceolata water extract decreased escape latency in Morris water maze test and increased the latency time of the passive avoidance test compared to other extracts. Furthermore, the steamed and fermented C. lanceolata water extract showed neuroprotective effect. These results suggest that steaming and fermentation process more improve cognitive enhancing effect of C. lanceolata than other process.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.447-452
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• 2004

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Codonopsis lanceolata extracts on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)­induced hepatotoxicity in rats fed high, medium or low fat diet. The liver weight was increased not by the level of fat in diet but by administration of CCl₄. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased by CCl₄, the activities of AST and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly decreased in case of CCl₄ treatment with C. lanceolata extracts. In high fat diet with CCl₄ administration, the content of total lipid in liver was significantly increased, which was significantly decreased by the administration of C. lanceolata extracts. Administration of C. lanceolata water extracts remarkably prevented the tissue injury such as lipid degeneration, infiltration of inflanunatory cells and necrosis caused by CCl₄, but those methanol extracts did not affect histopathological changes of the liver as water extract. The data suggest that intake of C. lanceolata extracts would prevent lipid accumulation and hepatotoxicity induced by high fat diet and CCl₄ abministratim, and the water extract of C. lanceolata is supposed to be more effective than those methanol extract.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.418-422
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• 2004

We investigated microbial populations of an upland and cultivated Codonopsis lanceolata. The microbial populations from both types of soils were also investigated. There were more than 10 microorganisms existed in upland than cultivated one. The total viable cell counts of C. lanceolata from upland and cultivated one, especially in the upper zone, were 9.7x10$\^$6/ CFU/g and 4.2${\times}$10$\^$6/ CFU/g, respectively. As a results, upper parts of C. lanceolata in upland were considered to harbour approximately more than 2.3 fold higher microorganisms than in cultivated one. However, the total viable cell counts between the two soil habitat, that is, 1.2${\times}$10$\^$7/ CFU/g from upland and 1.0x10$\^$7/ CFU/g from cultivated, were not significantly different. We also examined the unique flavor producing microorganisms in the soil extract broth including 25% C. lanceolata extract. One microorganism was detected in upper pars of C. lanceolata and upland soil. No. 6, microorganism causing the characteristic flavor of C. lanceolata was continued as Actinomyces by microscopy.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 1992

The experiments tvere carried out to different temperature which affected growth, yield, proximate and antitumor activity in the Codonopsis lanceolata. Growth of aerial part and subterranean partwere best at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and lower 3$0^{\circ}C$. Components of fat, protein and fiber were best at 3$0^{\circ}C$. Wild C.fonceoforo had higher contents of fat, protein, fiber and ash as compared with cultur'ed C.lanceolataArginin was predominant amino acid in both wild and cultivated C.laceolata No significant differ-ence in the mineral contents was found between the wild root and the cultivated at 30'c inbiotronroom. No minerals difference in the contents was found between the cultivated temperature.The content of elements of inorganic metal differs according to the part. C. lanceolata were subjectedto preliminary antitumer screening test with Sarcoma 180 ascites and screening on V-79 cell. Thisexperiments were conducted in accordance with the total packed cell volume method and cytotoxicity method.