• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.893-903
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Flammulina velutipes mycelium (FVM) on physico-chemical properties and nutritional components of chicken meat. Ninety-six broiler chicks (HanHyup No. 3, Korea) were divided into four groups: control (basal diet), T1 (supplemented with 1% FVM), T2 (3%), and T3 (5%). Broiler chicks in each group were slaughtered at 7 weeks of age, and their breast and thigh meat were collected. Lightness ($L^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) in the T2 and T3 groups were higher than in the control group (p<0.05). The loss of breast meat during cooking was increased in the T1, T2, and T3 groups, and the water-holding capacity of the breast meat was also decreased in these three groups (p<0.05). The water-soluble protein solubility was lower in the T1, T2, and T3 groups than in the control group (p<0.05), but the salt-soluble protein solubility in these three groups was higher than that in the control group (p<0.05). The crude fat content of the breast meat was decreased and that of the thigh meat was increased as the level of FVM was increased (p<0.05). The unsaturated fatty acid content of the breast meat was higher in the T2 and T3 groups than in the control group (p<0.05). The free amino acid content was high in the T1, T2, and T3 groups compared to the control. In conclusion, these results showed that feeding with 3% and 5% FVM increased the L and b values in thigh meat, improved the salt-soluble protein solubility, and increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids and free amino acids.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.10 no.1 s.19
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• pp.41-56
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• 2007

Related with the mathematics gifted children the situation of different case studies is the research which is limited in mathematics problem solving process of the most mathematics gifted children. The research which it sees hereupon observes from the scope which is wider the quality of the mathematics gifted children, before the hazard mathematics gifted children whom it sees enter into the mathematics gifted children education center unit life and life after studying living and dismissal of a class from the general school, namely for their general life it leads compared to attitude it observes the reporter it does a quality. For a what kind of interest in the mathematics gifted children, the research leads the family or general class, from the gifted children education center it has it considers encouragement, map and to give a help to good mathematics gifted children education activation, it does. It will reach and to respect with afterwards it set a same three research problem. First, before entering into the mathematics gifted children education center, are the mathematics gifted children what kind of quality? Second, Are the mathematics gifted children what kind of quality for general school hour? Third, Are the mathematics gifted children what kind of quality after dismissal of a class after hour? Being selected in the hazard gifted children education center which solves an up research problem, simple characteristic and approach ease characteristic, by the condition of the permission possibility back it selected 2 person gifted children school boxes which are coming and going. And, before entering into these mathematics gifted children education center, studying life from the general school, life after dismissal of a class it will extend at 1 years, various recording it will ask and it collected direct observation and interview it led against their quality it analyzed. It shared the result which it analyzes with emotional quality, studying conduct qualities, general qualities of the mathematics gifted children and qualities of mathematics gifted children parents. Studies level of the mathematics gifted children parents high facility when them are young from, the interest and helping out which it has were considerable, to advance with the direction where in order for always with great disaster them are proper the map it did. In general quality of the mathematics gifted children from young age the ability which finds a language and a possibility concept superiorly the ability which expresses the thought of oneself logically was superior, the competitive spirit was high, it liked it came reading, a leader role, to reveal a deepening school with the fact that it comes and goes. Also it will burn with their studying conduct quality and it will roll and it did deeply and it arranged knot eagerly, accomplishing which is superior from the field which is various it showed, the originality was superior, the subject attachment power was high quite, oneself it studies it has a devotion the possibility of knowing it was. And, the social characteristic of the friends and is good with their emotional quality and it does there is own reflection and an encouragement at any time and also a confidence, but just as good as the stress also it receives the possibility of knowing it was to him.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 2015

In vitro and in vivo experiments using Achyranthis radix and Drynariae rhizoma extracts were conducted. Antioxidant properties were analyzed and the effects on bone, glucose and lipid metabolism were investigated. Drynariae rhizoma (64.67%) obtained higher DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to Achyranthis radix (19.03%). Similar results were obtained in the reducing power. No differences were observed on the ABTS radical scavenging ability and SOD. In contrast, Achyranthis radix (77.60%) has higher chelating ability compared to Drynariae rhizoma (46.21%). In vivo experiments revealed higher plasma TBARS in OVX-DR than in OVX-AR. Opposite result was seen in erythrocyte TBARS. Hepatic, nephritic and erythrocyte enzymes were considered for the antioxidant enzyme activities. GSH-Px and PON of hepatic enzymes were higher in OVX-AR. While the CAT and GR were higher in OVX-DR. SOD, GSH-Px, GR and PON of nephritic enzymes of OVX-DR were higher compared to OVX-AR. Almost similar values were obtained in CAT using both extracts. The OVX treated rats obtained higher CAT and GR in the erythrocyte enzymes compared to SHAM. The SOD of erythrocyte enzymes in OVX-DR was higher compared to OVX-AR. On the other hand, the GSH-Px was higher in OVX-AR.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1038-1044
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• 1996

The salt-fermented anchovy sauce (AS) was packed in round No. 307-1 can, and thermally processed at $121.1^{\circ}C$ to obtain Fo values of 3, 5 and 10. The changes of food components and qualifies by thermal processing of sterilized AS (RAS) were examined. The compositions of AS were as followed; pH 6.81, VBN 394.7 mg/100g, total nitrogen 2,195.5 mg%, amino-nitrogen 1,010.5 mg%, and acidity 10.5 ml. Viable cell counts of AS on 0%, 5%, 20% NaCl-medium were $2.9{\times}10^3,\;9.1{\times}10^3$ and not detected, respectively. And viable cell counts of RAS were not detected. Acidity, total nitrogen and amino nitrogen contents of AS decreased slightly with the severeness of heat treatments, whereas pH and VBN content were increased. Total free amino acid contents of raw AS and RAS were 12,802.5 mg% and $11,212.6{\sim}12,105.4\;mg%$, and major amino acids were alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, isoleucine, valine and lysine. Also contents of IMP, hypoxanthine, TMAO and TMA in AS and RAS were 42.1 mg% and $35.5{\sim}40.9\;mg%$, 103.7 mg% and $103.1{\sim}105.5\;mg%$, 78.8 mg% and $58.2{\sim}71.6\;mg%$, 55.8 mg% and $58.9{\sim}68.5\;mg%$ respectively. And a little changes were observed in whole volatile components of AS with severeness of heat treatments by GC chromatogram patterns. Judging from the chemical and sensory evaluations, the Fo 3 heat treatment sample was not inferior to raw AS, and maintained good quality for 1 year storage.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.63-76
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• 2014

Objectives : This study investigated the improvement effects of Pakistani (DF-a) and Chinese Ephedra herba-containing Gangjihwan (DF-b) on obesity in a high fat diet-fed obese mouse model. Methods : Eight-week-old C57BL/6N mice were divided into four groups: a normal lean group given a standard diet, an obese control group given a high fat diet, and DF-a and DF-b groups given a high fat diet with DF-a (80 mg/kg), and DF-b (80 mg/kg), respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, blood lipid markers, fat weight and histology were examined. Results : 1. Body weight gain and fat mass were significantly decreased in DF-a and DF-b groups compared with control. The extent of decreases was eminent in DF-a group. 2. Feeding efficiency ratio and circulating leptin concentration were significantly decreased in DF-a and DF-b groups compared with control, whereas circulating adiponectin concentration was increased in DF-a and DF-b groups compared with control. 3. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain and fat mass, circulating concentrations of triglyceride, glucose and insulin were decreased in DF-a and DF-b groups compared with control. 4. The size of adipocytes were decreased by DF-a and DF-b compared with control, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was increased by them, suggesting that DF-a and DF-b decreased the number of large adipocytes. 5. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain, liver fibrosis was reduced in DF-a and DF-b groups compared with control. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that DF-a and DF-b not only decrease feeding efficiency ratio, plasma leptin concentration, and blood anti-obesity biomarkers, but also reduce fat mass, contributing to the improvement of obesity. DF-a and DF-b also inhibit liver fibrosis. In addition, these effects were similar between Pakistani Ephedra herba and Chinese Ephedra herba-containing Gangjihwan.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.105-120
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was investigated the improvement effects of Gangjihwan (DF) and combination of Gangjihwan and Gamisochehwan (GSH) on obesity in a high fat diet-fed obese mouse model. Methods : Eight-week-old C57BL/6N mice were divided into four groups: a normal lean group given a standard diet, an obese control group given a high fat diet, and DF and DF+GSH groups given a high fat diet with DF (40 mg/kg), and DF+GSH (80 mg/kg), respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, blood lipid markers, fat weight and histology were examined. Results : 1. Body weight gain and fat mass were significantly decreased in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. The extent of decreases was eminent in DF+GSH group. 2. Feeding efficiency ratio and circulating concentration of leptin were decreased in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. These decreases were significant in DF+GSH group. 3. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain and fat mass, circulating concentrations of triglyceride, glucose and insulin were decreased in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. 4. The size of adipocytes was decreased by DF and DF+GSH compared with control, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was increased by them, suggesting that DF and DF+GSH decreased the number of large adipocytes. 5. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain, liver fibrosis was also improved in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that DF and DF+GSH groups decrease feeding efficiency ratio, plasma leptin concentration, blood anti-obesity biomarkers and fat mass, improves body weight gain contributing to the inhibition of liver fibrosis. In addition, these effects were more effective in DF+GSH combination group than in DF-only group.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.64-73
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• 2008

The cDNA of CCF (coelomic cytolytic factor)-like gene (EC 3.2.1.16), a kind of glycosyl hydorlase, was isolated and cloned from the midgut of the earthworm Eisenia anderi. The size of nucleotide sequence appeared to be 1,152 bp and its predicted coding region was composed of 384 amino acid residues including the initiation methionine. The 17 residues at N-terminal end in the deduced amino acid sequence were regarded to be a signal peptide. Based on the amino acid sequence analysis, it appeared that this CCF-like protein could belong to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (GHF16) and showed a high sequence homology of about 79~99% with CCF and CCF-like proteins from other earthworm species. The CCFs and CCF-like proteins from various earthworm species exhibited a 100% homology in the polysacchride-binding motif and glucanase motif. It has been reported that the CCFs isolated from E. fedita appeared to show a broader pattern recognition specificity than those from other earthworm species because this species resides in decaying organic matter showing very high microbial activity, implying that CCF-like protein isolated in this study from E. andrei might exhibit a broad substrate specificity that is a useful characteristic for industrial application. A phylogenetic analysis using the deduced amino acid sequences of CCF-related proteins through the BLASTX revealed that GHF16 families could be divided into three groups of metazoa, viriplantae and eubacteria subfamily. Subsequently the CCF-related proteins of metazoa subfamily could clearly be subgroup into lophotrochozoan and edysozoan type including a deuterostome origin. Further understanding of the biological properties of E. andrei CCF-like protein should be addressed to regulate the ${\beta}$-D-glucan hydrolysis and production for the industrial uses.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1993

Adenosine receptors in rat adipose tissues have been reported to be of $A_{1}$ subclass, and their stimulation leads to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in inhibition of lipolysis. In the present study we investigated changes in $A_{1}$ adenosine receptor-adenylyl cyclase system of adipocytes following induction of experimental diabetes in rats. One week following experimental diabetes were induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body wt.), adipocytes from rats $(170{\sim}230g)$ fed ad libitum were isolated using collagenase. When adipocytes were incubated for 1 h with 1 unit/ml adenosine deaminase and $1\;{\mu}M$ isoproterenol, and assayed for glycerol formation, it was found that the inhibition of lipolysis in diabetic adipocytes by $(-)-N^{6}-(R-phenylisopropyl)adenosine$ (PIA), an $A_{1}$, adenosine receptor agonist, was twice that of control adipocytes. In an effort to delineate the mechanism(s), $[^{3}H]PIA$ binding to adipocytic membranes from diabetic and control rats were determined. Neither the affinities nor numbers of $A_{1}$ adenosine receptor were significantly different from each other (Best fit parameters for the one-site model are: $K_{d}=0.51{\pm}0.09nM$ and $B_{max}=1.60{\pm}0.12\;pmoles/mg$ protein for control membranes; $K_{d}=0.54{\pm}0.21\;nM$ and $B_{max}=1.72{\pm}0.31\;pmoles/mg$ protein for diabetic membranes). However, the inhibiton by PIA of the isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities was found to be 1.9 times higher in adipocytic membranes from diabetic rats than those from controls. These results suggest that the increased sensitivity of inhibition of lipolysis to PIA in adipocytic membranes from diabetic rats is due to changes in signal transduction pathways, rather than alterations of $A_{1}4 adenosine receptor molecules themselves.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.609-617
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• 2000

This study is aimed at investigating an effect of HCl gas on selective reduction of NOx over a CuHM and $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst. SCR process is the most effective method to remove NOx, but catalyst can be deactivated by the acidic gas such as HCl gas which is also included in flue gas from the incinerator. In dry condition of flue gas, the CuHM catalyst treated by HCl gas has shown higher NO removal activity than the fresh catalyst. The activity of the catalyst can be restored by treating at $500^{\circ}C$. On the contrary. $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst is obviously deactivated by HCl and the deactivation increases in proportion to the concentration of HCl gas. The deactivated catalyst is not restored to it's original activity by heat treatment for regeneration. In wet flue gas stream, the CuHM catalyst has shown lower activity than fresh catalyst and $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst was severely deactivated by HCl treatment. The activity loss of catalysts are mainly due to the decrease of Br$\ddot{o}$nsted acid site on the catalyst surface by $NH_3$ TPD. The change of BET surface area of CuHM catalyst after the reaction isn't observed but $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst is observed. The amount of $Cu^{{+}{+}}$ and $V_2O_5$ is decreased after the reaction. From these results, it is expected that CuHM catalyst should be better than $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalyst for its application to the incineration of flue gas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1274-1283
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• 2005

The sensory acceptability, texture profile analysis and nutritional evaluation were peformed in Korean traditional mungbean pancake (MPC) and modified MPC containing squid meat and soybean to standardize the recipes for healthy fast food market potentiality. Optimal ingredient formulations were revealed as mung-bean 55$\%$, pork 13$\%$ and vegetables 32$ \%$ for traditional MPC, and pork 3$\%$, squid 42$\%$ and soybean 55$\%$ for modified MPC using response surface methodology. Flavor and hardness correlated highly with overall accept-ability rather than appearance and color of traditional MPC. Higher squid levels raised adhesiveness, springi-ness and resiliences of modified MPC, but soybean decreased these textural attributes. Protein, lipid and total calorie of modified MPC were lower than those of traditional MPC. Computed protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) and degree of gelatinization of modified MPC were superior than traditional MPC.