• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.247-252
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• 1992

The effect of iso-butanol on the electron transport rate of PS I and PS II was investigated in isolated spinach chloroplasts. In photosystem I, the rate of electron transport increased in the presence of 1 to 4% of isobutanol but decreased in 5 to 9% of iso-butanol. But in photosystem II, the rate of electron transport decreased when treated with 0.2 to 1% of iso-butanol. The inhibitory effect of isomers of butanol on PS II electron transport rate increased in the order of 2-butanol, tert-butanol, iso-butanol and I-butanol. This means that PS II activity was affected according to the arrangement of carbon atoms in butanol. The inhibitory effect of iso-butanol reduced when DPC was added in the solution. This means that iso-butanol affects PS II reduction side of thylakoid membrane primarily. The inhibitory effect of iso-butanol was reduced when $Mn^{2+},\;C^{2+}$ or BSA were added in the solution. PS II activity was restored when 1% iso-butanol treated chloroplast solution was diluted to twentyfold or when $Mn^{2+},\;C^{2+}$ or BSA was added to the diluted solution. However, the SDS-PAGE banding pattern of thylakoid membrane proteins was similar even in 2% iso-butanol treated chloroplasts and the control ones. Only in 5% iso-butanol treated chloroplasts these bands were very weak. These observations suggest that low concentrations of iso-butanol releases manganese and calcium ions from chloroplasts and inhibits the electron transport system. This inhibitory effect can be reversible in low concenterations but in high concentrations the inhibitory effect of iso-butanol become irreversible.rsible.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.144-154
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• 2016

This review will be concentrated on the spray characteristics of biobutanol and its blends fuels in internal combustion engines including compression ignition, spark ignition and gas turbine engines. Butanol can be produced by fermentation from sucrose-containing feedstocks, starchy materials and lignocellulosic biomass. Among four isomers of butanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol has been used in CI and SI engines. This is due to higher octane rating and lower water solubility of both butanol compared with other isomers. The researches on the spray characteristics of neat butanol can be classified into the application to CI and SI engines, particularly GDI engine. Two empirical correlations for the prediction of spray angle for butanol as a function of Reynolds number was newly suggested. However, the applicability for the suggested empirical correlation is not yet proved. The butanol blended fuels used for the investigation of spray characteristics includes butanol-biodiesel blend, butanol-gasoline blend, butano-jet A blend and butanol-other fuel blends. Three blends such as butanol/ethanol, butanol/heptane and butanol/heavy fuel oil blends are included in butanol-other fuel blends. Even though combustion and emission characteristics of butanol/diesel fuel blend in CI engines were broadly investigated, study on spray characteristics of butanol/diesel fuel blend could not be found in the literature. In addition, the more study on the spray characteristics of butanol /gasoline blend is required.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.48-53
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• 2012

The autoignition temperature (AIT) is important index for the safe handling of flammable liquids which constitute the solvent mixtures. This study measured the AITs and ignition delay time for n-Butanol+sec-Butanol system by using ASTM E659 apparatus. The AITs of n-Butanol and sec-Butanol which constituted binary system were $340^{\circ}C$ and $447^{\circ}C$, respectively. The experimental AITs of n-Butanol+sec-Butanol system were a good agreement with the calculated AITs by the proposed equations with a few A.A.D. (average absolute deviation).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1171-1179
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• 2017

Butanol is a promising alternative to ethanol and is desirable for use in transportation fuels and additives to gasoline and diesel fuels. Microbial production of butanol is challenging primarily because of its toxicity and low titer of production. Herein, we compared the transcriptome and phenome of wild-type Escherichia coli and its butanol-tolerant evolved strain to understand the global cellular physiology and metabolism responsible for butanol tolerance. When the ancestral butanol-sensitive E. coli was exposed to butanol, gene activities involved in respiratory mechanisms and oxidative stress were highly perturbed. Intriguingly, the evolved butanol-tolerant strain behaved similarly in both the absence and presence of butanol. Among the mutations occurring in the evolved strain, cis-regulatory mutations may be the cause of butanol tolerance. This study provides a foundation for the rational design of the metabolic and regulatory pathways for enhanced biofuel production.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 1993

1) OBT7 mutant was isolated by W light-butanol tolerance from Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicm ATCC 13564 (N1-4 strain). The mutant produced 16.5 g/l (1.4-fold increase) of n-butanol, 4.65 g/l (1.5-fold increase) of acetone, and 21.5 g/l of total solvent. It was suggested that clostridial bacteria producing n-butanol does not have a poor effect on misrepair via an error-prone pathway by UV light-butanol tolerance. 2) Compared to glucose fermentation, in mannitol fermentation, OBT7 mutant did not produce acetone and acetic acid. And the ratios of n-butanol and ethanol to total solvents increased by 10.3% and 10.5%, respectively, totalling 20.8%, while the ratio of acetone was decreased by 21.2%. Also the maximum ratio of n-butanol to total solvents reached 94.8%. These results indicated that oxidized compound (acetone, acetic acid, and butyric acid) was converted to the reduced compounds (n-butanol, and ethanol). Therefore, mannitol can be used to eliminate by-products of oxidized compound.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.184-189
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• 2011

This study measured the AITs of n-butanol + n-decane system from ignition delay time (time lag) by using ASTM E659 apparatus. The AITs of n-butanol and n-decane which constituted binary system were $340^{\circ}C$ and $212^{\circ}C$, respectively. The experimental AITs of n-butanol + n-decane system were a good agreement with the calculated AITs by the proposed equations with a few A.A.D. (average absolute deviation).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.441-446
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate volatile compounds extracted from fresh pork belly during storage time at 4 or $20^{\circ}C$. Approximately thirty-one volatile compounds includingaromatics (6), aldehydes (6), acids (5), alcohols (4), ketones (4), alkanes (4), alkenes (1) and amines (1) in fresh pork belly were identified. Among them, volatile compounds such as 1-butanol, propane, 2-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, acetic acid, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-pentanol, phenol, 2-pentyl-furan, indole and 2-dodecanone correlated with storage temperature and storage time. Aldehydes including hexanal and hexadecanal at 4t were the predominant volatile compounds, whereas at $20^{\circ}C$ storage, aromatics including phenol and indole, and alcohols including 2-butanol and 1-butanol were the predominant volatile compounds. Contents of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, acetic acid, phenol and indole increased markedly with increased storage time, and 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, acetic acid, indole and 2-dodecanone were only detected at $20^{\circ}C$ storage.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1996

Fermentation processes for the production of butanol had an economic importance in the first part of this century. Today butanol is commercially produced from the Oxo reaction of propylene because relatively low priced propylene during the cracking of petroleum. Efforts have been made during the past decade or two to improve the productivity of butanol fermentation processes. It includes strain improvements, continuous fermentation processes, cell immobilization and simultaneous product separation. This review introduces a new butanol fermentation process using pervaporative product separation and a new bacterial strain producing less amount of organic acids. This review also compares the new process with chemical processes. This kind of new fermentation process may be able to compete with the chemical synthesis of butanol and revitalize the butanol fermentation process.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.167-170
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• 1991

Radiation protective fraction was Isolated and partially purified from Korean white ginseng. The effect of the fraction was studied on the cell survival of W-damaged CHO-Kl cells. As a result, it was found that the fraction increased the survival rate of damaged cells significantly within the dose range of which cytotoxicity did not appear This fraction was separated into two parts by adding butanol, namely the precipitated protein component and the butanol extract. Damaged cells were treated with each of these components and their survival rates were measured. The protein component demonstrated significant increase in the survival rates, while the butanol extract showed no such increment. These results suggest that the radiation protective effect of the ginseng fraction is originated from the butanol-precipitated protein component, not from the butanol-soluble compounds.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 1983

To elucidate the effect of ginseng butanol fraction on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia, ginseng butanol fraction was administered before and after injection of streptozotocin(50mg/kg, i.v.), and glucose, insulin, and cholesterol levels in serum were determined at 96 hours after streptozotocin injection. Serum glucose, insulin levels were significantly decreased by administration of ginseng butanol fraction (100mg/kg, p.o.) at 7 hour and 7, 4, 1, hour(three times) before streptozotocin injection. The glucose levels were significantly decresed by administration of ginseng butanol fraction at 1 hour (100mg/kg) after strcptozotocin injection, and also serum glucose levels in groups of continuous administration of ginseng butanal fraction(100mg/kg) for 3 days after streptozotocin injection were markedly decreased than in group of single dose of ginseng butanol fraction. Ginseng butanol fraction has the protective and relieving action against streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia.