• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1998

Burns in children result in the loss of precious life, or if the child survives, in much suffering from physical, emotional, social, and economic problems. These burn accidents to children happen in the bustle of family life and frequently without any warning. With this background information, this study was designed to identity types of burns in children and mothers' attitudes towards, and knowledge of burn prevention, in order, to not only, in still a safety consciousness regarding the seriousness of burn accidents and the strengthening prevention, but also as basic data towards the development of an educational program aimed at prevention. From May 1 to May 25 in 1997, data were collected from the mothers of children attending five day care centers and kindergartens located in Seoul, which had been selected for the study. The tools used for the study, which were developed by the researchers, surveyed the type of burns suffered by children, mothers' knowledge of burns and attitudes toward burn accidents. The data were analyzed through real numbers percentages and analysis was done using SPSS computer programs. The results of the study show that the most frequent type of burn accidents were those caused by hot water(55.4%) and these were frequently related to everyday habits that easily lead to danger. Further, the first aid treatment following a burn was weak. The majority of the mothers had not instructed their children on who to contact in the case of a fire, first aid for burns, or how to take escape in the case of a fire. This left the children in a defenseless position in case of a fire. The mothers showed a lack knowledge, on what to do when a blaze is discovered, how to put out a fire, first aid for burns, escaping from a fire and appropriate water temperature, in that 50% of the time they answered incorrectly. From this study a prevention program, HIPP (Home Injury Prevention Program) could be developed that includes fire prevention habits and first aid for burns. This program can be used with kindergarten and elementary school children for group education on fire prevention and can be used as a foundation for construction of a system of facilities and equipment to prevent fires and also prevent injury from fires.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2004

An experimental study was carried out to obtain the fundamental data about the effects of radicals induced injection on premixture combustion. A constant volume combustor divided to the sub-chamber and the main chamber was used. The volume of the sub-chamber is set up to occupy less than 1.5％ of that of whole combustion chamber. Radial twelve narrow passage holes are arranged between the main chamber and the sub-chamber. The products including radicals generated by spark ignition in the sub-chamber will derive the simultaneous multi-point ignition in the main chamber. While the equivalence ratio of pre-mixture in the main chamber and the sub-chamber is uniform. We have examined the effects of the sub-chamber volume, the diameter of passage hole, and the equivalence ratio on the combustion characteristics by means of burning pressure measurement and flame visualization. In the case of radical ignition method(RI), the overall turning time including the ignition delay became very short and the maximum burning pressure was slightly increased in comparison with those of the conventional spark ignition method(SI), that is, single chamber combustion without the sub-chamber. The combustible lean limit by RI method is extended to more ER=0.25 than that by SI method. Therefore the decrease of every emission including NOx and the improvement of fuel consumption is anticipated due to lean burn.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.100-110
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• 1995

This paper aims at reviewing the possibility of application over normal or abnormal, detection used by AE, and the characteristics of grinding processes. In this study, when WA-vitri-fied ' resinoid bond grinding wheels:36 kinds of grinding wheel and grinding depth were tuned at the surface grinding, the zone of AE signal generation is theoretically modelled and reviewed by grinding processes. The variation of grinding resistance( F$n^{9}$ $F_{t}$) and AE signal is detected in-process by the use of AE measuring system. The tests are carried out in accordance with grain size and grade of grinding wheels, and work-pieces-STD11 and STD61. According to the experiment's results, the following can be expected;as grinding time passes by, the relation of grinding depth and quantity of AE signal, observing on AE signal and grinding burn suggest the characteristics of grinding processes and evalution on the possibility of control of grinding machine, and monitoring abnormal conditions.e, and monitoring abnormal conditions.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.261-268
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• 2004

위성영상자료를 통해 각 파장대별로 기록된 지표면에 대한 반사특성정보로 정규산화율지수(NBR)나 정규식생지수(NDVI)를 구하여 산림에 대한 분석을 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 산불이 발생한 강릉시 사천면 지역을 중심으로 산불 발생이전 산림이 온전하였던 시기의 영상과 산불 발생 직 후, 발생 1년 후 그리고 2년 후의 영상으로 정규산화율지수와 정규식생지수를 각각 구하여 이 지수를 비교 분석함으로써 정규산화율지수의 효용성을 강조하였다. 그 결과 NBR영상간 차이가 NDVI영상간 차이보다 큰 범위의 동적변화를 보이고 있으므로 산불 피해강도나 식생회복상태 분석 시 NBR영상을 사용하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단되며, 산불피해 지역에서도 NBR 영상이 NDVI영상보다 산림피해강도나 회복상태를 더욱 뚜렷하게 보여주고 있다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.567-572
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• 2005

An electrical burn used to result in the damage of the skin and underlying deep soft tissue injury. Thus, in order to preserve devitalizing tissues and promote the structural survival free flaps with ample blood supply are frequently employed. However, early unpredictable vascular injury and progressive tissue necrosis may cause the free flaps full of hazards. We applied 50 free flaps upon 41 acute electrical burn cases between 1998 and 2004. Injured areas, timing of operation and causes of flap loss were studied. The victim's ages ranged from 13 to 60 years. (an average 37.8 years) Thirteen out of 50 free flaps were lost totally: three cases were due to arterial insufficiency and ten venous congestion. Total loss of flaps were observed in 5 of 12 cases in the postoperative 3 weeks, 6 of 20 cases between 3 and 6 weeks and 2 of 18 cases after 6 weeks. In three of 12 cases the free flap was lost partially in the postoperative 3 weeks, 4 of 20 cases between 3 and 6 weeks and 1 of 18 cases after 6 weeks. The result was statistically significant by a T-test (p<0.05). This study showed that timing of the operation is accountable for the loss of free flap. It is most important to conduct the free flap procedure on an electrical injury at the time when the recipient vessel is definitely discernible and intact so as to minimize the loss of flap and spare the structures.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2015

우리나라에서는 현재 23기의 원자력발전소를 운영 중에 있으며, 이들 원자력발전소로부터 발생하는 사용후핵연료를 처분대상으로 기준 심지층 처분시스템을 개발한 바 있다. 현재 이 기준 심지층 처분시스템은 초기농축도 4.5wt%, 방출연소도 55 GWd/MtU의 40 년 냉각된 사용후핵연료를 기준으로 하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 처분효율 및 경제성 향상 방안의 일환으로서 사용후핵연료의 종류 및 연소도 특성 등 발생특성을 검토하였다. 그리고 기준 사용후핵연료에 비하여 길이가 짧고 연소도가 비교적 낮은 사용후핵연료에 대한 처분용기 개념을 도출하고 열해석을 수행하여 처분시스템 개념을 제시하였다. 또한, 이 처분시스템 개념과 기준 사용후핵연료 처분시스템 개념을 처분밀도, 처분면적 등의 처분효율 및 구리와 벤토나이트 소요량 등 경제성 관점에서 비교 분석한 결과 약 20% 이상 향상을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 본 분석결과는 사용후핵연료 관리정책 수립 및 실제 처분시스템 설계에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1426-1431
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• 2011

A study on the standardization of design fire HRR(heat release rate) curve was conducted for various railcar from the fire simulation or the fire tests. These standard curves are listed on the tunnel fire safety manual which will be used for the QRA(quantitative risk analysis) process of the long railway tunnels. The design fire curve is based with four simple factor representing the key of fire curve characteristics. Flashover time, maximum HRR and burn out time are the key factors of the design fire curve. Specially total heat release is decided by the burnable material amount in the car.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제78권3호
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• pp.175-179
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• 2015

The intensive care unit (ICU) is the most common place to die. Also, ethical conflicts among stakeholders occur frequently in the ICU. Thus, ICU clinicians should be competent in all aspects for ethical decision-making. Major sources of conflicts are behavioral issues, such as verbal abuse or poor communication between physicians and nurses, and end-of-life care issues including a lack of respect for the patient's autonomy. The ethical conflicts are significantly associated with the job strain and burn-out syndrome of healthcare workers, and consequently, may threaten the quality of care. To improve the quality of care, handling ethical conflicts properly is emerging as a vital and more comprehensive area. The ICU physicians themselves need to be more sensitive to behavioral conflicts and enable shared decision making in end-of-life care. At the same time, the institutions and administrators should develop their processes to find and resolve common ethical problems in their ICUs.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제52권8호
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• pp.359-364
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• 2003

Ageing characteristics of RTV coating materials by corona discharge have been studied. The hydrophobicity recovery of RTV coating materials with 300${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness was identical with a bulk silicone materials. The RTV coating materials hydrophobicity has been almost lost when its were discharged during 40 seconds by corona discharge of 10㎸, and recovered after about 45 hours. The resistivity of RTV coating materials has not been recovered after 45 hours, though after 80 hours the initiation resistivity value has been recovered up to 95%. There was no critical change of compounds(such as Si and Al) on RTV surfaces by the corona discharge treatment until 100 seconds. In the test of arc erosion, it was seen that the coating sample with silicone rubber as a base material have more longer burn-out time than other samples with FRP or glass base.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1995년도 추계학술발표회논문집(2)
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• pp.707-712
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• 1995

Grain boundary diffusion plays significant role in the fission gas release, which is one of the crucial processes dominating nuclear fuel performance. Gaseous fission products such as Xe and Kr generated inside fuel pellet have to diffuse in the lattice and in the grain boundary before they reach open space in the fuel rod. In the mean time, the grains in the fuel pellet grow and shrink according to grain growth kinetics, especially at elevated temperature at which nuclear reactors are operating. Thus the boundary movement ascribed to the grain growth greatly influences the fission gas release rate by lengthening or shortening the lattice diffusion distance, which is the rate limiting step. Sweeping fission gases by the moving boundary contributes to the increment of the fission gas release as well. Lattice and grain boundary diffusion processes in the fission gas release can be studied by 'tracer diffusion' technique, by which grain boundary diffusion can be estimated and used directly for low burn-up fission gas release analysis. However, even for tracer diffusion analysis, taking both the intragranular grain growth and the diffusion processes simultaneously into consideration is not easy. Only a few models accounting for the both processes are available and mostly handle them numerically. Numerical solutions are limited in the practical use. Here in this paper, an approximate analytical solution of the lattice and stationary grain boundary diffusion in a polycrystalline solid is developed for the tracer diffusion techniques. This short closed-form solution is compared to available exact and numerical solutions and turns out to be acceptably accurate. It can be applied to the theoretical modeling and the experimental analysis, especially PIE (post irradiation examination), of low burn up fission. gas release.