• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.376-384
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• 2017

Ship's Bunkering Business is one of the essential businesses creating added values of the port as a hub for a stream of the international logistics. Regulatory considerations of ship's bunkering business should be made to create a more relevant system and stabilize the bunkering industry so that the ports may produce more substantial added values. This paper suggests revisions the Harbor Transport Business Act, the Marine Transport Act, putting forward an idea of unifying safety management systems, establishing a guideline for bunker quality managements, and changing the laws regarding any wrongdoings of bunker suppliers. In conclusion, in order to increase the managerial integrity of the bunkering operators, reasonable burdens should be distributed across the government, refinery companies and ship-owners to achieve a more balanced state and enable long-term development to advance the business at issue, following a step-by-step approach to amend the contract practice, the laws and the systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.252-258
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• 1998

The strain producing biosurfactant was isolated from soil smples. The isolated strain was identified as the genus Nocardia through its morphological, cultural and physiolgical characteristics. A high concentration of the biosurfactant by Nocardia sp. L-417 was obtained after 4 days of cultivation in the culture medium containing 3% n-hexadecane, 0.1% $NaNO_3$, 0.02% $K_2HOP_4$, 0.01% $H_2PO_4$, 0.01% $MgSO_4$.$7H_2O$, 0.01% $CaCl_2$, 0.02% yeast extract, and 0.02% tryptone. The optimum pH and temperature for biosurfactant production were pH 6.0 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Furthermore, most biosurfactans were produced during the exponential growth phase, and this fact indicated that the biosurfactans production was growth-associated. The biosurfactant showed the good emulsification activities on various emulsifying substrates such as bunker A, paraffin, corn oil which are used widely in industries.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2012

We investigated usefulness of chicken feather as bioadsorbent for removal of hexavalent chromium[Cr(VI)] and oil from aqueous solution. Chicken feather was chemically treated with DTPA, EDTA, NaOH and SDS, respectively. Among them, EDTA was the most effective in adsorbing Cr(VI). Cr(VI) uptake by chicken feather was increased with decreasing pH; the highest Cr(VI) uptake was observed at pH 2.0. By increasing Cr(VI) concentration, Cr(VI) uptake was increased, and maximum Cr(VI) uptake was 0.34 mmol/g. Cr(VI) adsorption by chicken feather was well described by Freundlich isotherm than Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich constant(1/n) was 0.476. As the concentration of chicken feather was increased, Cr (VI) removal efficiency was increased but Cr(VI) uptake was decreased. Most of Cr(VI) was adsorbed at early reaction stage(1 h) and adsorption equilibrium was established at 5 h. On the other hand, chicken feather adsorbed effectively oils including bunker-A and bunker-C. In conclusion, our results suggest that chicken feather waste could be used to remove heavy metal and oil; it is a potential candidate for biosorption material.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.171-179
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• 2021

To better understand the ecological functioning of the coastal ecosystem in Gamak Bay on the southern coast of Korea, seasonal changes in the density, biomass, and secondary production of the copepod community were investigated. Environmental measurements (temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a) and copepod sampling were performed seasonally from January to December 2006. The mean density of copepods (excluding nauplii) varied from 949 to 5,999 ind · m^-3; copepod density was at its highest from March to July. The copepod community comprised 32 taxa, including Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Harpacticoida. The predominant species were Paracalanus parvus s. l., Acartia omorii, Eurytemora pacifica, Oithona similis, A. erythraea, Centropages abdominalis, Pseudodiaptomus marinus, and Calanus sinicus. There were significant spatial and seasonal variations in copepod total biomass, which ranged from 0.33 to 43.10 mg C m^-3. Mean secondary production of the copepods in Gamak Bay, estimated as 2.05 ± 1.63 mg C m^-3 d^-1 using the Huntley and Lopez growth model, was over 2 times higher than the value given by application of the Hirst and Bunker model (1.09 ± 0.85 mg C m^-3 d^-1). The daily production rate to biomass (P/B) ratio varied between 0.08 and 0.86 d^-1 (Huntley and Lopez model), and 0.18 and 0.33 d^-1 (Hirst and Bunker model). Our results emphasize the ecological significance of using models to estimate the secondary production of copepods and provides the first report of copepod production in Gamak Bay.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.658-665
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• 2013

In this study, we measured particulate matter(PM) which emerged as the hot issue from the International Maritime Organization(IMO) and the exhaust emission using HANBADA, the training ship of Korea Maritime University. In particular, the PM was obtained with TEM grid. PM structure was observed by electron microscopy. And exhaust gases such as NOx, $CO_2$, and CO were measured using the combustion gas analyzer(PG-250A, HORIBA). The results of this study are as follows. 1) When the ship departed from the port, the maximum difference in PM emissions were up to 30 % due to the Bunker Change. 2) Under the steady navigation, emission of PM was $1.34mg/m^3$ when Bunker-A is changing L.R.F.O(3 %). And, at the fixed L.R.F.O (3 %), emission of PM was $1.19mg/m^3$. When the main engine RPM increased up to 20 % with fixed L.R.F.O(3 %), emission of PM was $1.40mg/m^3$. When we changed to low quality oil(L.R.F.O(3 %)), CO concentration from main engine increased about 16 %. On the other hand, when the main engine RPM is rising up to 20 %, CO concentration is increased more than 152 percent. These results imply that the changes of RPM is a dominant factor in exhaust emission although fuel oil type is an important factor. 3) The diameter of PM obtained with TEM grid is about $4{\sim}10{\mu}m$ and its structure shows porous aggregate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.357-359
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• 2015

부산신항은 우리나라 최대이자 세계 제6위의 컨테이너화물 처리항만으로 자리매김을 하고 있다. 최근들어서 차세대의 친환경 선박으로 벙커C 연료유 대신에 LNG 연료유를 사용하는 선박개발이 본격화되고 있다. 이에 따라서 부산신항의 항만기본개발계획에 들어 있는 유류중개기지 축조 대신에 Bunker LNG(BLNG)터미널 축조를 검토하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 BLNG터미널 개발과 관련하여 초대형 컨테이너선의 남컨 및 북컨 터미널 입항접안에 장애요소로 작용하고 있는 토도의 유무 및 호란도 절개에 따른 해사안전법 상의 해상교통안전진단시행지침에서 규정하고 있는 위험요소에 대한 충돌확률과 선박 운항자의 주관적 평가를 중심으로 안전수역 확보에 대하여 종합적으로 평가, 분석하였다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.168-178
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• 1996

Molecular structures of petroleum fractions(diesel fuel, bunker-C oil, lubricant base stocks) have been analyzed and compared in terms of the compositions (aromatics, naphtherucs, paraffinics), aromatics(benzene-nuclear and bonded alkyl groups), C2(methylene) carbon atoms % $C_{\alpha}$ and $C_{\beta}$ carbon stom % in alkyl groups and paraffins(branched and normal) by near-infrared and $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.105-110
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• 1999

The elementary experiment was performed to develop the emulsified fuel production system using pressure injection nozzle in this study. The stabilities and characteristics of emulsified fuel which is produced through direct spray of water via pressure injection nozzle into oil are examined. To understand performance of emulsion production, stabilities of emulsified fuel which is made by adding water to the mixed fuel of Bunker-C and 10 $^{\sim}$ 50 vol% of heating oil were investigated. According to volume ratios of surfactant in heating oil the stability and SMDs were measured

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.133-144
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• 2015

Recently, Korea shipping companies have been internally/externally difficult to manage their fleet due to the high price of bunker, wage and low cost of charterage and freight. To solve these problems, some shipping companies have tried to set up a new business regarding offshore plant supply vessel(OSV). Owing to the absence of big oil field near the Korea coast, OSV market has not been gradually progressing as far. This study intends to review the legal review of both international and municipal law for the OSV. Therefore I have provided basic legal information to the domestic shipping companies which have desired to enter the OSV's market and suggest legal revision harmoniously to identify the problem in the municipal law.

• Carbon letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2001

Graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) were prepared by direct reaction of $SO_3$ gas with flake graphite. The intercalated $SO_3$ molecules were ejected by rapid heating to $950^{\circ}C$ under an oxidizing atmosphere for about 1 minute, resulting in surprisingly high expansion in the direction of c-axis. The characteristics of the micro-structure and pore size distribution were examined with a SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The XRD analysis and spectroscopic analysis were used for the identification of the graphite and surface chemistry state. The pore size distribution of the exfoliated graphite (EG) was a range of $1{\sim}170{\mu}m$. The higher expanding temperature the higher expanded volume, so oil sorption capacities were 58.8 g of bunker-C oil and 34.7 g of diesel oil per 1 g of the the EG. The sorption equilibrium was achieved very rapidly within several minutes. As the treatment temperature increases, bulk density decreases.