• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.42-55
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• 2006

We propose a single Index approach for subsequence matching that supports moving average transform of arbitrary order in time-series databases. Using the single index approach, we can reduce both storage space overhead and index maintenance overhead. Moving average transform is known to reduce the effect of noise and has been used in many areas such as econometrics since it is useful in finding overall trends. However, the previous research results have a problem of occurring index overhead both in storage space and in update maintenance since tile methods build several indexes to support arbitrary orders. In this paper, we first propose the concept of poly-order moving average transform, which uses a set of order values rather than one order value, by extending the original definition of moving average transform. That is, the poly-order transform makes a set of transformed windows from each original window since it transforms each window not for just one order value but for a set of order values. We then present theorems to formally prove the correctness of the poly-order transform based subsequence matching methods. Moreover, we propose two different subsequence matching methods supporting moving average transform of arbitrary order by applying the poly-order transform to the previous subsequence matching methods. Experimental results show that, for all the cases, the proposed methods improve performance significantly over the sequential scan. For real stock data, the proposed methods improve average performance by 22.4${\~}$33.8 times over the sequential scan. And, when comparing with the cases of building each index for all moving average orders, the proposed methods reduce the storage space required for indexes significantly by sacrificing only a little performance degradation(when we use 7 orders, the methods reduce the space by up to 1/7.0 while the performance degradation is only $9\%{\~}42\%$ on the average). In addition to the superiority in performance, index space, and index maintenance, the proposed methods have an advantage of being generalized to many sorts of other transforms including moving average transform. Therefore, we believe that our work can be widely and practically used in many sort of transform based subsequence matching methods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.24-37
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• 2021

This study was conducted to newly examine the original landscape of Buyongjeong(芙蓉亭) and Juhamnu(宙合樓) areas in Changdeokgung Palace(昌德宮), focusing on the modern period including the Korean Empire, and to derive useful research results for restoration and maintenance in the future. The study results can be summarized as follows. First, the artificial island in Buyongji(芙蓉池) was originally made up of a straight layer using well-trimmed processed stone. However, during the maintenance work in the 1960s and 1970s, the artificial island in Buyongji was transformed into a mixture of natural and processed stones. The handrail installed on the upper part of the artificial island in Buyongji is a unique facility that is hard to find similar cases. The handrail existed even during the Korean Empire, but was completely destroyed during the Japanese colonial period. Second, Chwibyeong(翠屛), which is currently located on the left and right of Eosumun(魚水門), is the result of a reproduction based on Northern bamboo in 2008. Although there is a view that sees the plant material of Eosumun Chwibyeong as Rigid-branch yew, the specific species is still vague. Looking at the related data and circumstances from various angles, at least in the modern era, it is highly probable that the Eosumun Chwibyeong was made of Chinese juniper like Donggwanwangmyo Shrine(東關王廟) and Guncheongung(乾淸宮) in Gyeongbokgung Palace(景福宮). Third, the backyard of Juhamnu was a space with no dense trees on top of a stone staircase-shaped structure. The stone stairway in the backyard of Juhamnu was maintained in a relatively open form, and it also functioned as a space to pass through the surrounding buildings. However, as large-scale planting work was carried out in the late 1980s, the backyard of Juhamnu was maintained in the same shape as a Terraced Flower Bed, and it was transformed into a closed space where many flowering plants were planted. Fourth, Yeonghwadang Namhaenggak(暎花堂 南行閣), which had a library function like Gyujanggak(奎章閣) and Gaeyuwa(皆有窩), was destroyed in the late 1900s and was difficult to understand in its original form. Based on modern photographs and sketch materials, this study confirmed the arrangement axis of Yeonghwadang Namhaenggak, and confirmed the shape and design features of the building. In addition, an estimated restoration map referring to 「Donggwoldo(東闕圖)」 and 「Donggwoldohyung(東闕圓形)」 was presented for the construction of basic data.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.125-155
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• 2010

Ontologies have been adopted in various business and scientific communities as a key component of the Semantic Web. Despite the increasing importance of ontologies, ontology developers still perceive construction tasks as a challenge. A clearly defined and well-structured methodology can reduce the time required to develop an ontology and increase the probability of success of a project. However, no reliable knowledge-engineering methodology for ontology development currently exists; every methodology has been tailored toward the development of a particular ontology. In this study, we developed a Graduation Screen Ontology (GSO). The graduation screen domain was chosen for the several reasons. First, the graduation screen process is a complicated task requiring a complex reasoning process. Second, GSO may be reused for other universities because the graduation screen process is similar for most universities. Finally, GSO can be built within a given period because the size of the selected domain is reasonable. No standard ontology development methodology exists; thus, one of the existing ontology development methodologies had to be chosen. The most important considerations for selecting the ontology development methodology of GSO included whether it can be applied to a new domain; whether it covers a broader set of development tasks; and whether it gives sufficient explanation of each development task. We evaluated various ontology development methodologies based on the evaluation framework proposed by G$\acute{o}$mez-P$\acute{e}$rez et al. We concluded that METHONTOLOGY was the most applicable to the building of GSO for this study. METHONTOLOGY was derived from the experience of developing Chemical Ontology at the Polytechnic University of Madrid by Fern$\acute{a}$ndez-L$\acute{o}$pez et al. and is regarded as the most mature ontology development methodology. METHONTOLOGY describes a very detailed approach for building an ontology under a centralized development environment at the conceptual level. This methodology consists of three broad processes, with each process containing specific sub-processes: management (scheduling, control, and quality assurance); development (specification, conceptualization, formalization, implementation, and maintenance); and support process (knowledge acquisition, evaluation, documentation, configuration management, and integration). An ontology development language and ontology development tool for GSO construction also had to be selected. We adopted OWL-DL as the ontology development language. OWL was selected because of its computational quality of consistency in checking and classification, which is crucial in developing coherent and useful ontological models for very complex domains. In addition, Protege-OWL was chosen for an ontology development tool because it is supported by METHONTOLOGY and is widely used because of its platform-independent characteristics. Based on the GSO development experience of the researchers, some issues relating to the METHONTOLOGY, OWL-DL, and Prot$\acute{e}$g$\acute{e}$-OWL were identified. We focused on presenting drawbacks of METHONTOLOGY and discussing how each weakness could be addressed. First, METHONTOLOGY insists that domain experts who do not have ontology construction experience can easily build ontologies. However, it is still difficult for these domain experts to develop a sophisticated ontology, especially if they have insufficient background knowledge related to the ontology. Second, METHONTOLOGY does not include a development stage called the "feasibility study." This pre-development stage helps developers ensure not only that a planned ontology is necessary and sufficiently valuable to begin an ontology building project, but also to determine whether the project will be successful. Third, METHONTOLOGY excludes an explanation on the use and integration of existing ontologies. If an additional stage for considering reuse is introduced, developers might share benefits of reuse. Fourth, METHONTOLOGY fails to address the importance of collaboration. This methodology needs to explain the allocation of specific tasks to different developer groups, and how to combine these tasks once specific given jobs are completed. Fifth, METHONTOLOGY fails to suggest the methods and techniques applied in the conceptualization stage sufficiently. Introducing methods of concept extraction from multiple informal sources or methods of identifying relations may enhance the quality of ontologies. Sixth, METHONTOLOGY does not provide an evaluation process to confirm whether WebODE perfectly transforms a conceptual ontology into a formal ontology. It also does not guarantee whether the outcomes of the conceptualization stage are completely reflected in the implementation stage. Seventh, METHONTOLOGY needs to add criteria for user evaluation of the actual use of the constructed ontology under user environments. Eighth, although METHONTOLOGY allows continual knowledge acquisition while working on the ontology development process, consistent updates can be difficult for developers. Ninth, METHONTOLOGY demands that developers complete various documents during the conceptualization stage; thus, it can be considered a heavy methodology. Adopting an agile methodology will result in reinforcing active communication among developers and reducing the burden of documentation completion. Finally, this study concludes with contributions and practical implications. No previous research has addressed issues related to METHONTOLOGY from empirical experiences; this study is an initial attempt. In addition, several lessons learned from the development experience are discussed. This study also affords some insights for ontology methodology researchers who want to design a more advanced ontology development methodology.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.77-97
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• 2019

The large amount of data that emerges from the initial connection environment of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is a major factor that distinguishes the Fourth Industrial Revolution from the existing production environment. This environment has two-sided features that allow it to produce data while using it. And the data produced so produces another value. Due to the massive scale of data, future information systems need to process more data in terms of quantities than existing information systems. In addition, in terms of quality, only a large amount of data, Ability is required. In a small-scale information system, it is possible for a person to accurately understand the system and obtain the necessary information, but in a variety of complex systems where it is difficult to understand the system accurately, it becomes increasingly difficult to acquire the desired information. In other words, more accurate processing of large amounts of data has become a basic condition for future information systems. This problem related to the efficient performance of the information system can be solved by building a semantic web which enables various information processing by expressing the collected data as an ontology that can be understood by not only people but also computers. For example, as in most other organizations, IT has been introduced in the military, and most of the work has been done through information systems. Currently, most of the work is done through information systems. As existing systems contain increasingly large amounts of data, efforts are needed to make the system easier to use through its data utilization. An ontology-based system has a large data semantic network through connection with other systems, and has a wide range of databases that can be utilized, and has the advantage of searching more precisely and quickly through relationships between predefined concepts. In this paper, we propose a defense ontology as a method for effective data management and decision support. In order to judge the applicability and effectiveness of the actual system, we reconstructed the existing air force munitions situation management system as an ontology based system. It is a system constructed to strengthen management and control of logistics situation of commanders and practitioners by providing real - time information on maintenance and distribution situation as it becomes difficult to use complicated logistics information system with large amount of data. Although it is a method to take pre-specified necessary information from the existing logistics system and display it as a web page, it is also difficult to confirm this system except for a few specified items in advance, and it is also time-consuming to extend the additional function if necessary And it is a system composed of category type without search function. Therefore, it has a disadvantage that it can be easily utilized only when the system is well known as in the existing system. The ontology-based logistics situation management system is designed to provide the intuitive visualization of the complex information of the existing logistics information system through the ontology. In order to construct the logistics situation management system through the ontology, And the useful functions such as performance - based logistics support contract management and component dictionary are further identified and included in the ontology. In order to confirm whether the constructed ontology can be used for decision support, it is necessary to implement a meaningful analysis function such as calculation of the utilization rate of the aircraft, inquiry about performance-based military contract. Especially, in contrast to building ontology database in ontology study in the past, in this study, time series data which change value according to time such as the state of aircraft by date are constructed by ontology, and through the constructed ontology, It is confirmed that it is possible to calculate the utilization rate based on various criteria as well as the computable utilization rate. In addition, the data related to performance-based logistics contracts introduced as a new maintenance method of aircraft and other munitions can be inquired into various contents, and it is easy to calculate performance indexes used in performance-based logistics contract through reasoning and functions. Of course, we propose a new performance index that complements the limitations of the currently applied performance indicators, and calculate it through the ontology, confirming the possibility of using the constructed ontology. Finally, it is possible to calculate the failure rate or reliability of each component, including MTBF data of the selected fault-tolerant item based on the actual part consumption performance. The reliability of the mission and the reliability of the system are calculated. In order to confirm the usability of the constructed ontology-based logistics situation management system, the proposed system through the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which is a representative model for measuring the acceptability of the technology, is more useful and convenient than the existing system.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.4-31
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• 2018

It is difficult to ascertain exactly when the Hongjuupseong (Town Wall) was first constructed, due to it had undergone several times of repair and maintenance works since it was piled up newly in 1415, when the first year of the reign of King Munjong (the 5th King of the Joseon Dynasty). Parts of its walls were demolished during the Japanese occupation, leaving the wall as it is today. Hongseong region is also susceptible to historical earthquakes for geological reasons. There have been records of earthquakes, such as the ones in 1978 and 1979 having magnitudes of 5.0 and 4.0, respectively, which left part of the walls collapsed. Again, in 2010, heavy rainfall destroyed another part of the wall. The fortress walls of the Hongjuupseong comprise various rocks, types of facing, building methods, and filling materials, according to sections. Moreover, the remaining wall parts were reused in repair works, and characteristics of each period are reflected vertically in the wall. Therefore, based on the vertical distribution of the walls, the Hongjuupseong was divided into type I, type II, and type III, according to building types. The walls consist mainly of coarse-grained granites, but, clearly different types of rocks were used for varying types of walls. The bottom of the wall shows a mixed variety of rocks and natural and split stones, whereas the center is made up mostly of coarse-grained granites. For repairs, pink feldspar granites was used, but it was different from the rock variety utilized for Suguji and Joyangmun Gate. Deterioration types to the wall can be categorized into bulging, protrusion of stones, missing stones at the basement, separation of framework, fissure and fragmentation, basement instability, and structural deformation. Manually and light-wave measurements were used to check the amount and direction of behavior of the fortress walls. A manual measurement revealed the sections that were undergoing structural deformation. Compared with the result of the light-wave measurement, the two monitoring methods proved correlational. As a result, the two measuring methods can be used complementarily for the long-term conservation and management of the wall. Additionally, the measurement system must be maintained, managed, and improved for the stability of the Hongjuupseong. The measurement of Nammunji indicated continuing changes in behavior due to collapse and rainfall. It can be greatly presumed that accumulated changes over the long period reached the threshold due to concentrated rainfall and subsequent behavioral irregularities, leading to the walls' collapse. Based on the findings, suggestions of the six grades of management from 0 to 5 have been made, to manage the Hongjuupseong more effectively. The applied suggested grade system of 501.9 m (61.10%) was assessed to grade 1, 29.5 m (3.77%) to grade 2, 10.4 m (1.33%) to grade 3, 241.2 m (30.80%) and grade 4. The sections with grade 4 concentrated around the west of Honghwamun Gate and the east of the battlement, which must be monitored regularly in preparation for a potential emergency. The six-staged management grade system is cyclical, where after performing repair and maintenance works through a comprehensive stability review, the section returned to grade 0. It is necessary to monitor thoroughly and evaluate grades on a regular basis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.453-461
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• 2014

Objective: Based on the fact that fine particles are more likely to produce negative influences on the health of occupants as well as the quality of indoor air compared to coarse particles, it is critical to determine concentrations of aerosol particles with different sizes. Thus, this study focused on the size distribution and concentrations of aerosol particles in university buildings. Method: Aerosol particles in indoor air were collected from four areas: corridors in buildings(In-CO), lecture rooms(In-RO), laboratories(In-LR), and a cafeteria(In-RE). Samples were also collected from outside for comparison between the concentrations of indoor and outdoor particles. For the collection of the samples, an eight stage non-viable cascade impactor was used. Result: The average concentration of $PM_{10}$ in the samples collected from indoor areas was $34.65-91.08{\mu}g/m^3$,and the average for $PM_{2.5}$ was $22.65-60.40{\mu}g/m^3$. The concentrations of the aerosol particles in the corridors, lecture rooms, and laboratories were relatively higher than the concentrations collected from other areas. Furthermore, in terms of mass median aerodynamic diameter(MMAD), the corridors and lecture rooms had higher numbers due to their characteristics, showing $2.36{\mu}m$ and $2.11{\mu}m$, respectively. Laboratories running an electrolysis experiment showed $1.58{\mu}m$, and the cafeteria with regular maintenance and ventilation had $1.96{\mu}m$. Conclusion: The results showed that the $PM_{10}$ concentrations of all samples did not exceed indoor air quality standards. However, the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was over the standard and, in particular, the concentration of fine particles collected from the laboratories was relatively higher, which could be an issue for the occupants. Therefore, it is important to improve the quality of the indoor air in university buildings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.87-99
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• 2015

Prior hardware-centered rural development projects implemented top-down rural community regeneration via the local government in accordance with central government agency policies. To improve this, software-centered projects have been promoted since 2000. With central agency-led rural development projects changing into local government-led ones, rural community regeneration has been built per village. Although rural community regeneration projects appear to have implemented a bottom-up development currently, the top-down development procedures being facilitated by the intervention of administrative institutions have not disappeared. In this regard, the purpose of this research thesis is to effectively perform bottom-up development methods that go one step further from the current process of rural community regeneration. As the research site, this thesis selected Geochang, which has difficulties in being steadily maintained and operated despite the development of various rural community regeneration projects. Subsequently, it determined the current status and substantial analysis of a project of the rural community regeneration in Geochang through 1:1 interviews with civil servants in charge of administration as well as conducted a prior study on rural resident awareness of rural community regeneration through a survey of village head members and in-depth interviews with rural residents. Based on these data, a 10 times-round table conference was held under the participation of pertinent civil servants, professionals and rural residents to select practical strategies for cooperative rural community regeneration in Geochang as five key areas: local food, culture & welfare, rural villages, community development, and urban and rural interchanges. In addition, it is considered that the project of building villages must be implemented by establishing steadfast administrative co-operation systems, strengthening rural residents' participation capacities and supporting professionals' systemic integrated operation and maintenance. By doing so, this research thesis sought to determine practical strategies in the cooperative rural community regeneration in Geochang. It is expected that bottom-up development rural community regeneration will be built and introduced in each rural community in the future.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.537-545
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• 2018

Determination of the time parameters such as the travel time in the design flood is very important. The travel time is mainly used for flood and river management, and the travel time of non flood season is used for maintenance flow and management of the river. Estimation of travel time for natural rivers is mainly based on the geomorphological factors of the basin. In addition to the topographical factors, the travel time is calculated by considering the factors of the runoff curve, velocity and rainfall intensity. However, there is no study on the estimation of travel time considering both the rainfall condition and the soil moisture accounting by the frequency period. Therefore, the travel time calculation is divided into the case of setting the Hwanggang Dam and the Imjin bridge water level station of Imjin river as the natural river considering rainfall condition by the frequency period and the soil moisture accounting, and the case of traveling the Imjin bridge water level station according to the condition of outflow of the Hwanggang Dam. For the sections set as natural rivers, the results were verified by comparing with the newly developed travel time calculation method. Based on the results, the travel times of the Hwanggang Dam outflow conditions were calculated. The time to travel in this study can be secured flood control of the Imjin river basin and time to prepare for danger when outflowing the the Hwanggang Dam.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.8107-8115
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to clarify the architectural meaning of the term 'Whole life Department Store' that appeared in newspapers' in the 1980s. A term of 'Whole Life Department Store' is appeared to explain the emergence of department stores, including the space for a wide range of programs and services they need to live, as well as sales. This word, "Whole life", is a compound of the Whole(全) and Life(生活) and word means the entire life. This will assume that you are separated life. So I was thinking that it could be described as regional facilities that classify and distinguish the necessary space for living and building maintenance, etc. in city and architecture since the modern. And Based on this, I would understand the whole life department as regional facilities. Generally a department store is a regional facilities for higher level living area. I analyzed the location and program of department stores at the time of the emergence of the term. Through this analysis department store was located in the daily range around the apartment complex and contained spaces for the daily life of the inhabitants apartment complex. It is significant in this particular department to be valid today and the term of 'Whole Life' department store is not longer used.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.3 s.178
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• pp.285-299
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• 2006

The Mireuksaji stone pagoda in Iksan is the largest stone pagoda existing in Eastern Asia. It was assumed that originally it had been established in the shape of nine-storied pagoda but as time went by only six-storied pagoda remained partially due to collapsing, repair and reconstruction. According to the reference, we can't make sure when its modification happened. The form that the pagoda is having now, was modified with concrete by the Japanese during the 1910s. The materials mixed in concrete were mixture of Portland cement, all sorts of stone, sand, and a little bit of new building stone, additive and compound. And also these materials were applied to cultural assets without any experiment at the time of 1910s as maintenance, which are still used recently. To prevent the change of its shape, the west side, south side and the north side which is partially destructed was rebuilt and reinforced with concrete and some of the deformed parts were also filled. The amounts of concrete used were about 200 tons. Such method had prevented the pagoda from destructing, however, by choosing a wrong repair method, its surface of the stone has secondary contaminants and precipitation caused by concrete. This kind of contamination speeds up the weathering which accelerates the aging mechanism of the stone to make it even harder to revive the absence of historical nature. Therefore, we are to find the best cleaning method to remove the secondary hazard contaminants.