• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1985

The purpose of the study is to review the evolutional process of the U.S. broiler industry into the integrated production and marketing systems and to examine the factors influenced such a structural change over the Past half a century. The study is also carried out under the consideration that the experience gained by the integrated U.S. broiler industry could be utilized in applying the system to any non-integrated broiler industries like one in Korea. The U.S. broiler industry has been prevailed in the typical independent operation of all stages, from factor supply through growing to dressing and marketing until such time as growers began to suffer from financial difficulties right after the end of the World Wat II due mainly to lowered price of broilers stemmed from whopping decrease of the demand, which eventually reflected to the allied agribusiness sectors. The feed business field was the first reactor to this situation so that a kind of measures was taken to cope with the problems faced in such a way to provide extended credit on feeds first and help obtain chicks or sell broilers later. This trend has been practiced for broiler related agribusiness through late 1940's to work together with growers by coordinating its function between two or more stages involved in broiler production and marketing process as a means of spreading risk and sharing profit between stages Participated. The integrated system and contract farming thus became Popular across the country through mid 1950's.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 1988

The purpose of this presentation is to review the situation of the Cheju broiler industry peculiarized with the integrated production and marketing system to some degree, which is not prevailed in the whole broiler industry in Korea, so as to study the case of the Cheju industry from the viewpoint of an economic integration. The economic integration in the broiler industry is grouped into three patterns： non-integration, quasi-integration and complete integration, which generally exist under the different type of market competition. The quasi-integration tends to be formed at all phases where the complete integration is not fully implemented, but the non-integration has begun to change its nature into partially integrated structure. The Cheju broiler industry is characterized by the geographical location of isolated market so that factor supplies and broiler products are marketed in the different conditions from those of mainland Korea, somewhat in an oligopolistic pattern. It was since early 1980's that the industry successfully had three dressing plants merged into one by virtue of entire growers ownership, which opened an era of an integrated industry centered on the function of dressing birds. The case of Cheju broiler industry today is to be referred to as a typical quasi-integration which is coordinated the function between growing and dressing birds directly and extended the functional cooperation to distribution of products indirectly, while factor supplies are traded independently. As a result of a quasi-integration, the growers are able to receive a fixed price set by the dressing plant of growers that has the power to adjust the supply of and demand for broilers produced and consumed in the Island. There are some problems, however, in the integration of the Cheju broiler industry, stemming mainly from the process of the structure change, ： 1) the difficulty of controlling the production of broilers, 2) continuing pressure on the integration by non-integrated sectors, 3) the challenge on the stabilized broiler market from the mainland, 4) limited effectiveness of consumer education activities, and 5) lack of leadership for the industry development through integration. It is projected that the partially integrated Cheju broiler industry will be continually developed toward the direction of a complete integration in due course, as the currently independent supply sectors are to be backward integrated. The case of the Cheju broiler integration, therefore, could be used as a reference for making the whole broiler industry in Korea develop toward the integrated structure in the future.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1984

The pattern of economic integration in the broiler industry can be grouped into three categories; 1) non-integration, 2) quasi-integration and 3) complete-integration. It is general to see that the non-integration is quite common under the market conditions of perfect competition, whereas the complete integration is more preferable in the imperfect competition. The quasi-integration, however, exists at all phases where the complete integration is not fully formed and implemented, but the non-integration has begun to alter its nature into integrated structure. The broiler industry in Korea has been characterized with the typically non-integrated independent operation, resulting in considerable price fluctuation and unstable industry as a whole. As a means of solving out the problem stemed from the non-integrated, growers and agribusinessmen involved in broiler industry have tended to develope the regular customer relationship prevailed between two parties. In fact, it has been practiced for years that most growers have been dealt with factor suppliers or processors on a regular basis for advantages of better price and quality, useful information, management help and so forth. Under the customary transaction, no formal contract has been made due to simple buyers and sellers relations, not like the one used to be performed in the form of contractual agreement. The broiler industry realizes the direction to go ahead toward the formal arrangement of integrated system from current regular transactions. As more Vowers, suppliers and processors recognize the necessity of it, the non-integrated industry appears to become the partially integrated by developing the existing customer relationship in such a way that functions of integrators are. further expanded and better organized. As a result, a type of quasi-integration started to show up by an integrator dominated in the field of hatching, feedmilling, dressing and by a grower's coop, It is concluded, therefore, that the evolution of quasi-integration in Korea's broiler industry is continuously taking place, implying the close approach to the completely integrated broiler production and marketing system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1258-1265
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• 2007

Metabolizable energy (ME) required for basal metabolism, activity and growth was considered as the criterion for targeting specific increases in body weight (100 g/week) of broiler chicks during the grower phase (5-20 weeks) and its impact was evaluated on breeder performance. Broiler female chicks (460) from a synthetic dam line were randomly distributed to 4 test groups with 23 replicates of 5 birds each and housed in cages. The first group (ME-100) was offered a calculated amount of ME by providing a measured quantity of grower diet (160 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) which increased with age and weight gain (133-294 kcal/bird/day). The other three groups were offered 10 or 20% less ME (ME-90 and ME-80, respectively) and 10% excess ME (ME-110) over the control group (ME-100). From 21 weeks of age, a single breeder diet (170 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) was uniformly fed to all groups and the impact of grower ME restriction on breeder performance evaluated up to 58 weeks. The targeted body weight gain of 1,600 g in a 16-week period was achieved by pullets of the ME-100 group almost one week earlier by gaining 8.7 g more weight per week. However, pullets in the ME-90 group gained 1,571 g during the same period, which was closer to the targeted weight. At 20 weeks of age, the conversion efficiency of feed (5.21-5.37), ME (13.9-14.1 kcal/g weight gain) and protein (0.847-0.871 g/g weight gain), eviscerated meat yield, giblet and tibia weights were not influenced by ME restriction, but the weights of abdominal fat and liver were higher with increased ME intake. Reduction of ME by 10% in the grower period significantly delayed sexual maturity (169.3 d), but increased egg production (152.5 /bird) with better persistency. Improved conversion efficiency of feed, ME and protein per g egg content were also observed in this group up to 56 weeks. The fertility and hatchability at 58 weeks of age were higher in the ME-90 group compared to the control and 10% excess ME feeding. In conclusion, the present study revealed the possibility of achieving targeted weight gain in broiler growers by feeding measured quantities of ME during the rearing period with consequential benefits in breeder performance.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1991

The broiler industry in Korea has been gradually changing its structure of independent operation into integrated and coordinated production and marketing system. It was in 1960s when the broiler industry first tried the integrated effort, but never succeeded as it was expected since due mainly to growers' attitudes favorable for traditional operation and agribusiness' passive response on structure change. Until mid 1980s, however, a bit of partially integrated system had been evolved by several factor suppliers. Recent years have furthered its progress toward completely integrated pattern, the ultimate goal of broiler integration. It is true that the external factors including the GATT Negotiations through the Uruguay Round stimulated the people involved in the industry to find the way of making it competitive to survive in the open, liberalized world economic system rapidly emerging through the process of globalization. Once the industry realized the necessity of reducing the cost of production and improving the quality of it, the conclusion tended to come to the point of an entire structural alteration by means of integration rather than an improvement of a certain segment such as marketing. It is very obvious. therefore. that the movement toward the complete integration will speed up in a coming few years under the leadership of not only entrepreneurs but also producers group. According to a report. there were three almost complete integrators and thirteen partial integrators as of December, 1990, all of which eagerly directed toward the completely integrated system in due course . Among others as an advantage of integrated structure. the cost saving must be pointed out as the greatest one In a survey, it was estimated that the cost of dressed and ready-to-eat chicken could be lowered by 31.8 percent and 41.5 percent, respectively, over that to be under the independent, non-integrated system. As long as everybody concerned about the future of the industry in the open market mechanism realizes the importance of the structure change through an integration, the broiler sector of Korean agriculture shall be moving toward the direction of vertically and completely integrated structure in order to make it competitive, even to export, hopefully before 1995 or by the end of this century in any case.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of surface spraying of antimicrobial solutions, oil and application of both on performance of broiler chicken under heat stress and reared on leaves and ground corn cobs as two alternative bedding materials. Six hundred seventy five day-old straightrun Arian broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 45 pens (at density of $0.09m^2/bird$) in an open sided partially-controlled shed. Three bedding materials viz. wood shavings (WS), ground corn cobs (GCC) (1.5 cm in length) and leaves were subjected to surface spraying of oil ($0.4L/m^2$ animal food grade sunflower oil), anti microbial solutions (3%) and mix treatment of both. Data on performance traits, incidence of breast and food pad lesions and litter characteristics were gathered and analysed in an appropriate factorial arrangements. Body weight at 56 d, feed intake up to 14 d, litter moisture at 28 d, litter pH at 14 d and litter temperature at 14 and 56 d were significantly influenced by litter type (p<0.05). Litter treatment revealed significant impact on body weight at 28, 42 and 56 d, feed intake during 29-42 and 1-42 d, mortality up to 56 d, litter temperature at 28 and 56 d, and litter pH at 28 and 56 d. Leaves and ground corn cobs have shown good potential as alternative bedding materials for rearing broilers. Surface spraying of antimicrobial solutions, oil and applying both were not effective tools to promote the broiler's health and performance. Meat type poultry growers and integrators are considered as primary audiences of the results achieved.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.143-151
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• 2012

This paper analyzes whether under-investment due to hold-up exists in broiler industry or not by using survey data on broiler growers. When a grower who has facilities to be required for contract is aware of the possibility of being held-up by an integrator, he/she may invest in relation-specific asset less than is optimal. The result shows that when a grower thinks that finding a new integrator in the region is difficult after the current contract being terminated, under-investment exists. When a grower has the experience that a current integrator required her/him to do something not written on the contract, she/he may have invested less. However it is not statistically significant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1038-1047
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• 2008

This study aimed at targeting fixed increases in body weight (100 g/wk) by quantitatively regulating energy allowances (ME) in broiler breeders from 5 to 20 wks of age. Four energy regimes were tested: 1. The energy required for maintenance, activity and growth was calculated for 100 g increases in body weight/wk and a measured quantity of grower diet (160 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) was offered to the control group (ME-100) to achieve the anticipated weight gain. The energy allowances increased with age from 132 to 294 kcal/d. 2. Additionally, three energy regimes were considered, quantitatively reducing ME by 10% (ME-90) or 20% (ME-80) and increasing by10% (ME-110) over the control group. Each test group had 23 replicates5 female chicks housed in cages. The influence of energy regimes and age on growth, nutrient digestibility, carcass attributes, bone parameters and stress was evaluated at 4 wk intervals. Quantitative ME restriction by 10% (119-265 kcal/d) produced an average weight gain of 98.1 g/wk, which was closer to the targeted increase of 100 g/wk, whereas the control group attained it nine days earlier. Restriction of energy by 10 or 20% produced better conversion efficiency of feed, energy and protein and apparent digestibility of protein, Ca and P than 10% excess ME. Energy regimes did not influence eviscerated meat yield, but higher energy allowances (ME-110) significantly increased abdominal fat pad and liver weights and decreased giblet weight, percent muscle protein and tibia ash. Relatively higher stress was recorded in ME-restricted groups, as reflected by wider heterophil and lymphocyte ratios and increased bursa weight. Early age (5-12 wk) significantly influenced bone mineralization, conversion efficiency of feed, energy and protein and apparent digestibility of protein, Ca and P, while later ages (13-20 wk) increased eviscerated meat yield, abdominal fat, tibia weight and muscle protein and reduced stress. Energy regime x age interactions were significant and are discussed. In conclusion, the synthetic broiler line used in our study responded positively to controlled energy feeding during the rearing period. Breeders offered 119-265 kcal/d, a reduction of 10% energy over the control group, were more effective in regulating grower performance than the latter. In addition to energy regimes, age intervals also exhibited significant influence on specific parameters during the grower phase.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.179-184
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• 1997

Seven-day-old 40 broiler chicks of both sexes were fed the conventional diet containing 0, 0.3, 6 and 0.9％ Quartz porphyry(QP) and water ad libitum until 28 days of age. The excreta water content and nitrogen balance were measured during the experimental period. At the end of the trial, blood samples were collected to measure ammonia, glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol concentrations. In addition, intestinal ammonia concentrations were measured. The excreta moisture contents decreased significantly(P < 0.05) as QP levels increased(r= -0.96). Ammonia contents in the intestine tended to increase as QP levels increased, but the ammonia concentration in the blood was not affected by the QP levels. The blood glucose concentration was not changed but blood triglyceride concentration was lower in the 0.3％ QP treatment than the other groups(P < 0.05), Total cholesterol concentration in the blood tended to increase as QP levels increased. The QP 0.3％ treatment showed somewhat higher positive N balance than the other groups. The results of this experiment indicate that the dietary supplementation of QP could offer some benefits to broiler growers.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2007

This study was compared the effect of shelf-life and DHA accumulation in chicken meat from broilers fed experimental diets for two weeks($21{\sim}35$ days) of growers. Two hundred-ten male Ross broilers, 1 day of age, were randomly allocated to seven treatment groups. Experimental diets were assigned to each of the seven groups: control diet containing tallow, T1 with 1.00% fish oil, T2 with 2.00% fish oil, T3 with 2.00% fish oil, 200 ppm vitamin E and 200 ppm vitamin C, T4 with 2.00% fish oil and 200 ppm vitamin C, T5 with 2.00% fish oil and 200 ppm vitamin E, and T6 with 3.00% fish oil. The levels of DHA in chicken meat was the highest in T6, and T1 in breast muscle and thigh muscle with skin was higher than that of $T2{\sim}T5,\;T2{\sim}T5$ in raw chicken meat and wing with skin was about two-fold higher than that of T1. The contents of DHA in chicken meat according to storage days were significantly reduced to 42.30%, 49.38% and 48.51% in T1, T2 and T6, respectively, and this decrease was higher than that of T3, T4 and T5 (p<0.05). Particularly, the rate of reduction of DHA was the lowest in the T3 and T5, which were the lowest in TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). TBARS increased in the order of T6, T2 and T1, but reduced in the order of T3, T5 and T4 according to storage days, and there was a significant difference among the treatment groups (p<0.05).