• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2023

In whole spine radiography using the stitching technique, overlapping parts occur in the process of synthesizing the three segmented images, so some anatomical structures may be repeatedly exposed, and it has been thought that the dose increases as the scan range increases. However, in the whole spine radiography using the stitching technique in this study, under the condition that the stitching range is taken in the same three splits, the overlapping area decreases as the stitching range increases, so in the case of breasts included in the overlapping range, the dose value decreased by almost half as the stitching range increased from 90 cm to 105 cm. During spinal full-length radiological examination using the stitching method, an appropriately long stitching range could be set to reduce the exposure dose of the breast.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

Purpose: To observe long-term clinical outcomes for patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with forward intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), including local control and clinical toxicities. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a total of 214 patients with stage I-II breast cancer who were treated with breast conserving surgery followed by adjuvant breast radiation therapy between 2001 and 2008. All patients were treated using forward IMRT. The whole breast was irradiated to a dose of 50 to 50.4 Gy followed by an 8 to 12 Gy electron boost to the surgical bed. Results: The median age was 46 years (range, 21 to 82 years) and the medial follow-up time was 7.3 years (range, 2.4 to 11.7 years). Stage T1 was 139 (65%) and T2 was 75 (35%), respectively. Ipsilateral breast recurrence was observed in 3 patients. The 5- and 10-year local control rates were 99.1% and 97.8%, respectively. The cosmetic outcome was evaluated according to the Harvard scale and 89.4% of patients were scored as excellent or good. Conclusion: The whole breast radiation therapy as an adjuvant treatment using a forward IMRT technique showed excellent long-term local control as well as favorable outcomes of toxicity and cosmesis.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.232-239
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• 2018

Human breast milk (HBM) provides neonates with indispensable nutrition. The present study evaluated the anti-cancer activity of diluted and pasteurized early HBM (< 6 weeks' lactation) on human breast cancer cell lines. The cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB231 were exposed to 1 % HBM from the 1st, 3rd, and 6th weeks of lactation and exhibited reduced proliferation rates. As controls, breast cell lines (293T and MCF-10A), breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), and $CD133^{hi}CXCR4^{hi}ALDH1^{hi}$ patient-derived human cancer stem-like cells (KU-CSLCs) were treated with prominent milk proteins ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, and lactoferrin at varying doses (10, 50, and $100{\mu}g$) for 24 or 48 hrs. The impact of these proteins on cell proliferation was investigated. Breast cancer cell lines treated with ${\kappa}$-casein and lactoferrin exhibited significantly reduced viability, in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, ${\kappa}$-casein selectively impacted only cancer (but not normal breast) cell lines, particularly the more malignant cell line. However, ${\beta}$-casein-exposed human breast cancer cell lines exhibited a significantly higher proliferation rate. Thus, ${\kappa}$-casein and lactoferrin appear to exert selective anti-cancer activities. Further studies are warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying ${\kappa}$-casein- and lactoferrin-mediated cancer cell-selective cytotoxic effects.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.4119-4123
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• 2012

Background: Neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy is the accepted approach for women with locally advanced breast cancer. Anthracycline- and taxane-based regimens have been extensively studied in clinical trials and consequently are widely used. In this study aimed to research the complete response (pCR) rates in different regimens for neoadjuvant setting and determine associated clinical and biological factors. Methods: This study included 63 patients diagnosed with breast carcinoma among 95 patients that had been treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy between 2007 and 2010. TNM staging system was used for staging. The histologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was characterized as a pCR when there was no evidence of residual invasive tumor in the breast or axillary lymph nodes. Biologic subclassification using estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2 were performed. Luminal A was defined as ER+, PR+, HER2-; Luminal B tumor was defined as ER+, PR-, HER2-; ER+, PR-, HER2+; ER-, PR+, HER2-; ER+, PR+, HER2+; HER2 like tumor ER-, PR+, HER2+; and triple negative tumor ER, PR, HER2 negative. Results: Patients median age was 54.14 (min-max: 30-75). Thirty-two patients (50.8%) were premenapousal and 31 (49.2%) were postmenapousal. Staging was performed postoperatively based on the pathology report and appropriated imaging modalities The TNM (tumor, lymph node, metastasis) system was used for clinical and pathological staging. Fifty-seven (90.5%) were invasive ductal carcinomas, 6 (9.5%) were other subtypes. Thirty nine (61.9%) were grade II and 24 (38.1%) were grade III. Seven (11.1%) patients were stage II and 56 (88.9) patients were stage III. The patients were classified for ER, PR receptor and HER2 positivity. Seventeen patients had complete response to chemotherapy. Forty patients (63.5%) were treated with dose dense regimen (cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 and doxorubicine 60 mg/m every two weeks than paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 every two weeks with filgrastim support) 40 patients (48%) were treated anthracycline and taxane containing regimens. Thirteen patients (76%) from 17 patients with pCR were treated with the dose dense regimen but without statistical significance (p=0.06). pCR was higher in HER2(-), ER(-), grade III, premenopausal patients. Conclusion: pCR rate was higher in the group that treated with dose dense regimen, which should thus be the selected regimen in neoadjuvant setting. Some other factors can predict pCR in Turkish patients, like grade, menopausal status, triple negativity, percentage of ER positivity, and HER2 expression.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1114-1119
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• 2008

Among the numerous polyphenols isolated from green tea, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a predominate and is considered to be a major therapeutic agent. To elucidate the mechanical insights of anti-tumor effect, EGCG was applied to human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. We investigated the effect of EGCG on protein and mRNA expression of proteins related to cell apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines. We also identified caspase-3 activity. We cultured MDA-MB-231 cells in the presence of 0, 5, 10, and $20\;{\mu}M$ of EGCG. Protein and mRNA expression of bcl-2 were decreased dose-dependently in cells treated with EGCG. However, protein and mRNA expression of bax were increased (p<0.05). Caspase-3 activities were increased dose-dependently in cells treated with EGCG. These results suggest that EGCG induces cell apoptosis by increase of caspase activity through decreasing of protein and mRNA expression of bcl-2 and increasing of protein and mRNA expression of bax.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2005

Tumor invasion is composed of four steps: cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, degradation of the extracellular matrix components, tumor cell motility followed by cell detachment. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important proteinases that associated with degradation of matrix component. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a major polyphenotic constituent of green tea. In the study, we examined the anti-invasive and MMP activity suppression effects of EGCG in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-23l human breast cancer cells were cultured with various concentrations 0 - 100 μM of EGCG. EGCG significantly inhibited the cell adhesion to the fibronectin. Cell motility through gelatin filter and invasion to Matrigel were inhibited dose-dependently by EGCG treatment. EGCG also inhibited the activities of MMP-2, -9 and the amount of MMP-9 (α = 0.05). Therefore, EGCG may contribute to the potential beneficial food component to prevent the invasion and metastasis in breast cancer. (Korean J Nutrition 38(2): 104～111, 2005)

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1105-1110
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• 2014

Objective: Metastases and invasion are the main reasons for oncotherapy failure. Momordica cochinchinensis (Mu Bie Zi in Chinese) had been used for a variety of purposes, and shown anti-cancer action. In this article, we focused on effects on regulation of breast cancer cell ZR-75-30 metastases and invasion by extracts of Momordica cochinchinensis seeds (ESMCs). Methods: Effect of ESMCs on ZR-75-30 human breast cancer cells proliferation were evaluated by MTT assay and on invasion and migration by wound-healing and matrigel invasion chamber assays. Expression and protease activity of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-9, were analyzed by Western blotting and gelatin zymography, respectively. Results: ESMC revealed strong growth inhibitory effects on ZR-75-30 cells, and effectively inhibited ZR-75-30 cell invasion in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot and gelatin zymography analysis showed that ESMC significantly inhibited the expression and secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in ZR-75-30 cells. Conclusions: ESMC has the potential to suppress the migration and invasion of ZR-75-30 cancer cells, and it might prove to of interest in the development of novel inhibitors for breast cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.3779-3783
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• 2015

Dietary prevention has been known to reduce breast cancer risk. Sesamin is one of the major components in sesame seeds and has been widely studied and proven to have anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenic effects on cancer cells. In this study, the influence of sesamin was tested in the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line for cell viability (MTT assay) and cell cycling (flow cytometry). Results showed that sesamin dose-dependently (1, 10 and $50{\mu}M$) reduced the cell viability and increased LDH release and apoptosis (TUNEL assay). In addition, there was a significant increase of sub-G1 phase arrest in the cell cycle after sesamin treatment. Furthermore, sesamin increased the expression of apoptotic markers of Bax, caspase-3, and cell cycle control proteins, p53 and checkpoint kinase 2. Taken together, these results suggested that sesamin might be used as a dietary supplement f or prevention of breast cancer by modulating apoptotic signal pathways and inhibiting tumor cell growth.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.640-645
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• 2004

Histone deacetylase inhibitors are new class of chemotherapeutic drugs able to induce tumor cell apoptosis and／or cell cycle arrest. Trichostatin A, an antifungal antibiotic, and HC-toxin are potent and specific inhibitors of histone deacetylase activity. In this study, we have examined the antiproliferative activities of trichostatin A and HC-toxin in estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer, T47D cells. Both trichostatin A and HC-toxin showed potent antiprolifer-ative efficacy and cell cycle arrest at $G_2/M$ in T47D human breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Trichostatin A caused potent apoptosis of T47D human breast cancer cells and trichostatin A-induced apoptosis might be involved in an increase of caspase-3／7 activity. HC-toxin evoked apoptosis of T47D cells and HC-toxin induced apoptosis might not be medi-ated through direct increase in caspase-3/7 activity. We have identified potent activities of anti-proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest of trichostatin A and HC-toxin in estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cell line T47D.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1502-1506
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• 2006

To investigate the inhibitory effects of Citaowan (CTW) on the growth and angiogenesis of breast cancer in vivo. Orthotopic breast cancer model was established by injection of MDA-MB-231 cells into mammary fat pad of nude mice. Seven weeks after injection, CTW was orally administered at dose of 50, 100 mg/mouse every day for 40 days. Body weight, tumor volume, tumor apoptosis, microvessel density and tumor proliferation were evaluated, after the mice were sacrificed. The body weight and tumor volume were not significantly changed in CTW group compared with the control group. Tumor apoptosis, proliferation and microvessel density were significantly reduced in CTW group (100 mg/mouse) compared with the control group. These data indicate that CTW has anti-angiogenic and proapoptotic effects on breast cancer.