• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.685-695
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• 2009

Background: Calcification is the most frequent cause of clinical failure of bioprosthetic tissues that are fabricated from Glutaraldehyde (GA)-fixed porcine valve or bovine pericardium. We recently used a multi-factorial approach of employing different mechanisms to investigate how to reduce the calcification of bioprosthetic tissues. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the synchronized synergism using ethanol, L-lysine and $NaBH_4$ in glutaraldehyde treated porcine pericardium from the standpoint of calcification and tissue elasticity. Material and Method: Porcine pericardium was fixed with 0.625% GA (commercial fixation). An interim step of ethanol (80%; 1 day at room temperature) or L-lysine (0.1 M; 2 days at $37^{\circ}C$) or $NaBH_4$ (0.1 M; 2 days at room temperature) was followed by completion of the GA fixation (2 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and 7 days at room temperature). The tensile strength and thickness of the samples were measured. The treated pericardiums were implanted subcutaneously into three-week old Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 weeks. The calcium content was assessed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the histology of the samples. Result: The amount of calcium in the pericardium pretreated with ethanol (13.6${\pm}$10.0 ug/mg, p=0.008), L-lysine (15.3${\pm}$1.0 ug/mg, p=0.002) and both (16.1${\pm}$11.1 ug/mg, p=0.012) was significantly reduced compared with the control (51.2${\pm}$8.5 ug/mg). However, $NaBH_4$ pretreatment (65.7${\pm}$61.8 ug/mg, p=0.653) and combined pretreatment that including ethanol, L-lysine and $NaBH_4$ (92.9${\pm}$58.3 ug/mg, p=0.288) were not significantly different from the controls(51.2${\pm}$8.5 ug/mg). Both the combined pretreatment using ethanol and L-lysine (7.60${\pm}$1.55, p=0.76) and the combined pretreatment that included ethanol, L-lysine and $NaBH_4$ (7.47${\pm}$1.85, p=0.33) increased the tensile strength/thickness ratio compared with that of the controls (4.75${\pm}$1.88). Conclusion: The combined pretreatment using ethanol and L-lysine seemed to decrease the calcification of porcine pericardium fixed with glutaraldehyde, as compared to single pretreatment, and it increase the tissue elasticity, but to the degree that showed synchronized synergism. $NaBH_4$ pretreatment seemed to increase the calcification of porcine pericardium, irrespective of whether single or combined pretreatment was used.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.499-503
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate arterial and venous blood gas, electrolytes, biochemical, and hematological values in healthy Korean native calves (KNC). The healthy 62 KNC within 3 weeks-old were examined. The arterial blood was collected from caudal auricular artery and the venous blood from jugular vein. The blood samples were analyzed immediately using a portable blood gas analyzer. The pH, $pO_2$, $pCO_2$, $cHCO_3{^-}$, BE, $cSO_2$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, anion gap potassium (AgapK), Hct, cHgb, glucose, lactate and creatinine were determined. The normal values for blood gas, electrolytes, biochemical, and hematological variables determined in this study agree with other published values for normal calves. The mean concentration of glucose and lactate within 3 weeks old of KNC is higher than those of adult cattle. The blood values according to weeks of age within 3 weeks-old of arterial and venous blood variables were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Glucose (r = 0.927) had the strongest correlations between arterial and venous values. The correlation between the values of the arterial and the venous blood was strong in creatinine (r = 0.925), lactate (r = 0.815), $Ca^{2+}$ (r = 0.806), Hct (r = 0.799), $Na^+$ (r = 0.790), cHgb (r = 0.786), base excess (r = 0.749), pH (r = 0.710), $HCO_3{^-}$ (r = 0.710), and $cTCO_2$ (0.663). Analysis of blood samples in a field condition, using hand-held analyzer is rapid and useful in bovine practice.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2013

Clenbuterol and ractopamine, which are ${\beta}$-agonists, have been misused as a growth promoting agent in meat producing animals. Clenbuterol was banned for veterinary drug in Korea because of its problems regarding safety. Due to their adverse effects, such as cardiovascular and central nervous diseases on human health proper control and monitoring should be conducted. The existing analytical method of clenbuterol and ractopamine in the Food code was improved through our present study. The bovine muscle samples were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, extracted with ethyl acetate and defatted by hexane-methanol partitioning. A molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) solid phase extraction cartridge was used for clean-up and LC-MS/MS was operated in positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Clenbuterol-$d_9$ and ractopamine-$d_3$ were used as an internal standard. The renewed method was validated according to the CODEX guideline. The limits of quantitation for clenbuterol and ractopamine were 0.2 and 0.5 ${\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The mean recoveries ranged in 104.2-113.5% for clenbuterol and in 107.6-118.1% for ractopamine. The improved method was able to save both time and expenses.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.340-346
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• 2014

In this study, the detection method was developed using real-time PCR to distinguish 4 species (bovine, porcine, horse, and chicken) of raw meats. The genes for distinction of species about meats targeted at 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA parts in mitochondrial DNA. Probes were designed to have a 5' FAM and a TAMRA at the 3' end. This study is to develop 4 species-specific primer and probes about raw materials and real-time PCR on 10 strains to observe the products of non-specific signal for similar species. As a result, any non-specific signal were not detected among each other. Real-time PCR method was developed for quantitation and identification of intentional and unintentional mixture in ground mixed meat (The difference of $C_T$ value between intentional mixture and 100% meat: $${\leq_-}$$ cycles, The difference of $C_T$ value between unintentional mixture and 100% meat: $${\geq_-}$$ cycles). The detection and differentiation of intentional and unintentional mixture in this study would be applied to food safety management for eradication of adulterated food distribution and protection of consumer's right.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.522-530
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• 2007

This experiment was carried out to measure the content of lactoferrin, IgA, $IgG_1,\;IgG_2$, in Holstein colostrum, and to test the effect of it's colostrum on the antibacterial activity to pathogenic bacteria and the growth stimulation of lactic acid bacteria. Colostrum was collected at the first, second, and third day after parturition in summer and winter season. The levels of lactoferrin, IgA, $IgG_1,\;and\;IgG_2$ in Holstein cow colostrum were 0.30 mg/mL, 0.37 mg/mL, 4.00 mg/mL, 0.37 mg/mL, respectively, on the first day of the summer season whereas they were 1.16 mg/mL, 2.60 mg/mL, 13.35 mg/mL, 1.30 mg/mL on the first day of the winter season, postpartum. Heat treated ($65^{\circ}C$ for 30 min) or non-treated colostrum showed antibacterial activity toward Escherichia coli. The growth of commercial mixed strains (Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus themophilus), L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, and L. lactis subsp. cremoris were improved in first, second and third day colostrum compared to normal milk. Commercial miked strains (B. longum, L. acidophilus S. themophilus) lowered the pH to 4.97-5.22 and 4.89 while increasing the titratable acidity to 0.75-0.88% and 0.70% in colostrum and normal milk, respectively. However, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, L. lactis subsp. cremoris lowered the pH to 5.96-6.47 and 6.5-6.8 while increasing the titratable acidity to 0.29-0.48% and 0.20-0.25% in colostrum and normal milk, respectively.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.54-67
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of dentin cutting and root-end cavity preparation, and to determine the incidence of tooth crack when root-end retrograde cavity preparation was done with. ultrasonic diamond instruments. To evaluate the efficiency of dentin cutting, ultrasonic diamond and stainless steel instruments were applied to 20 exposed bovine dentin surfaces perpendicularly or parallely at the low, and medium power settings for 1 minute ($Miniendo^{TM}$, EIE, CA, U.S.A.). The resultant cavity depth was measured. To evaluate the efficiency of cavity preparation and to investigate the incidence of tooth crack, 165 mesiobuccal, distobuccal and palatal root-ends of extracted human maxillary first molars were resected by 3 mm perpendicularly to the long axis of tooth using a slow speed diamond saw after root canal preparation and filling. Retrocavities were prepared using a ultrasonic diamond instrument or a stainless steel one of the low- or medium power settings of 2 or 6. Time consumed and the number of strokes used for the cavity preparation were measured and the incidence of tooth cracks was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. The results were as follows: Both at the low and medium power settings, and both with perpendicularly- and parallely applied tips to dentin, diamond instruments showed higher dentin cutting efficiency than stainless steel ones did (p<0.01). When tips were applied to dentin perpendicularly, both diamond instrument and stainless steel one showed higher cutting efficiency with medium power setting than with low power one (p<0.01). Both at the low- and medium power settings, both diamond instrument and stainless steel one showed higher cutting efficiency when tips were applied perpendicularly to dentin surface than applied parallely (p<0.01). At the medium power setting, the number of stroke and time consumed were less with diamond instrument than with stainless steel one (p<0.05) for the retrograde cavity preparation. At the low power setting, diamond instrument induced less tooth cracks than stainless steel one did (p<0.01).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.26-36
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• 2011

Objectives: In the present study, three kinds of tissues cells (pulp, gingiva, and periodontal ligament) were investigated if those cells express MMP and TIMP when they were stimulated with neuropeptides (substance P, CGRP) or proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-$\alpha$. Materials and Methods: The cells cultured from human dental pulp (PF), gingiva (GF) and periodontal ligament were (PDLF) stimulated with Mock, SP, TNF-$\alpha$, and CGRP for 24 hrs and 48 hrs. for an RNase protection assay and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Cells (PF, GF and PDLF) seeded in 100 mm culture dish were stimulated with SP ($10^{-5}$, $10^{-8}\;M$) or only with medium (Mock stimulation) for 4hrs and for 24 hrs for RNase Protection Assay, and they were stimulated with CGRP ($10^{-5}\;M$) and TNF-$\alpha$(2 ng/mL) for 24 hrs and with various concentraion of TNF-$\alpha$(2, 10, and 100 ng/mL) for Rnase Protection Assay with a human MMP-1 probe set including MMP 1, 2, 8, 7, 8, 9, 12, and TIMP 2, 3. In addition, cells (PF, GF and PDLF) were stimulated with Mock and various concentraion of TNF-$\alpha$(2, 10, and 100 ng/mL) for 24 hrs and with TNF-$\alpha$(10 ng/mL) for 48 hrs, and the supernatents from the cells were collected for Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for MMP-1 and MMP-13. Results: The expression of MMPs in PF, GF, PDLF after stimulation with SP and CGRP were not changed compared with Mock stimulation for 4 hrs and 24 hrs. The expression of MMP-1, -12, -13 24 hrs after stimulation with TNF-$\alpha$ were upregulated, however the expression of TIMP-3 in PF, GF, PDLF after stimulation with TNF-$\alpha$ were downregulated. TNF-$\alpha$(2 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL) increased MMP-1 and MMP-12 expression in PF dose dependently for 24 hrs. Conclusions: TNF-$\alpha$ in the area of inflammation may play an important role in regulating the remodeling of dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.921-929
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• 2004

Dietary intake of whole grains, vegetable and fruit is known to reduce the degenerative chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of the ethanol extract of Korean Millet, Buckwheat, Sorghum and Job's tears were examined by inhibition against iron-induced linoleate per-oxidation, DPPH (1,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical generation and MDA-BSA (malondialdehyde-bovine serum albumin) conjugation, and Ames test using Salmonella. Buckwheat showed the strongest antioxidative effect in three different systems among these four grains, but it showed the lowest antimutagenic effect. Sorghum was the second to Buckwheat in iron-induced linoleate peroxidation inhibition activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity, and showed very good direct-antimutagenic effect in 2-Nitrofluorene treated Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and indirect-antimutagenic effect in 2-Anthramine treated Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with hepatic S9 mixture. Millet showed the strongest antimutagenic effect in Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA 100 with or without S9. Buckwheat contained the highest total flavonoids and polyphenols, 1.14 mg/g and 3.71 mg/g, respectively. Total flavonoid content in these four grains was negatively correlated with $IC_{50}$/ for DPPH radical scavenging antioxidative effect significantly (r=-0.9924, p=0.0076), but not with antimutagenic effect.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.72-80
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the shear bond strength and fracture pattern in different enamel tooth surface treatments for resin splinting materials. Materials and Methods: G-FIX and LightFix were used as tooth splinting materials. Twenty bovine mandibular incisors were used for the preparation of the specimens. The exposed enamel surface was separated into four parts. Each tooth was treated with 37% phosphoric acid, 37% phosphoric acid + adhesive resin, 37% phosphoric acid + G-premio bond, and G-premio bond for each fraction. Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. After measuring the shear bond strength, the fractured surface of the specimen was magnified with a microscope to observe the fracture pattern. Two-way ANOVA was used to verify the interaction between the material and the surface treatment method. One-way ANOVA was used for comparison between the surface treatment methods of each material and post-hoc test was conducted with Scheffe's test. An independent t-test was conducted to compare shear bond strengths between materials in each surface treatment method. All statistics were conducted at 95% significance level. Results: G-FIX, a tooth splinting resin, showed similar shear bonding strength when additional adhesive resins were used when material was applied after only acid etching, and LightFix showed the highest shear bonding strength when additional adhesive resins were used after the acid etching. In addition, both G-FIX and LightFix showed the lowest shear bond strength when only self-etching adhesive was applied without additional acid etching. Verification of interactions observed interconnection between resins and surface treatment methods. Most of the mixed failure was observed in all counties. Conclusion: When using G-FIX and LightFix, which are tooth-splinting materials, it is considered that sufficient adhesion will be achieved even after applying only acid etching as instructed by the manufacturer.

• Implantology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.242-254
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• 2018

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the results of horizontal guided bone regeneration (GBR) with xenograf t (deproteinized bovine bone mineral, DBBM), allograf t (irradiated allogenic cancellous bone and marrow), titanium membrane, resorbable collagen membrane, and advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) in the anterior maxilla. The titanium membrane was used in this study has a three-dimensional (3D) shape that can cover ridge defects. Case 1. A 32-year-old female patient presented with discomfort due to mobility and pus discharge on tooth #11. Three months after extracting tooth #11, diagnostic software (R2 GATE diagnostic software, Megagen, Daegu, Korea) was used to establish the treatment plan for implant placement. At the first stage of implant surgery, GBR for horizontal augmentation was performed with DBBM ($Bio-Oss^{(R)}$, Geistlich, Wolhusen, Switzerland), irradiated allogenic cancellous bone and marrow (ICB $cancellous^{(R)}$, Rocky Mountain Tissue Bank, Denver, USA), 3D-titanium membrane ($i-Gen^{(R)}$, Megagen, Daegu, Korea), resorbable collagen membrane (Collagen $membrane^{(R)}$, Genoss, Suwon, Korea), and A-PRF because there was approximately 4 mm labial dehiscence after implant placement. Five months after placing the implant, the second stage of implant surgery was performed, and healing abutment was connected after removal of the 3D-titanium membrane. Five months after the second stage of implant surgery was done, the final prosthesis was then delivered. Case 2. A 35-year-old female patient presented with discomfort due to pain and mobility of implant #21. Removal of implant #21 fixture was planned simultaneously with placement of the new implant fixture. At the first stage of implant surgery, GBR for horizontal augmentation was performed with DBBM ($Bio-Oss^{(R)}$), irradiated allogenic cancellous bone and marrow (ICB $cancellous^{(R)}$), 3D-titanium membrane ($i-Gen^{(R)}$), resorbable collagen membrane (Ossix $plus^{(R)}$, Datum, Telrad, Israel), and A-PRF because there was approximately 7 mm labial dehiscence after implant placement. At the second stage of implant surgery six months after implant placement, healing abutment was connected after removing the 3D-titanium membrane. Nine months after the second stage of implant surgery was done, the final prosthesis was then delivered. In these two clinical cases, wound healing of the operation sites was uneventful. All implants were clinically stable without inflammation or additional bone loss, and there was no discomfort to the patient. With the non-resorbable titanium membrane, the ability of bone formation in the space was stably maintained in three dimensions, and A-PRF might influence soft tissue healing. This limited study suggests that aesthetic results can be achieved with GBR using 3D-titanium membrane and A-PRF in the anterior maxilla. However, long-term follow-up evaluation should be performed.