• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.433-437
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to measure circumference of four body parts of each Sasang groups with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), and evaluate its usefulness for Sasang type diagnostic test. We obtained the circumference measures of neck (CN), chest (CC), waist (CW), and hip (CH) of 91 college students using BIA and standardized by sex and age. The validity of Sasang group prediction with CC was evaluated. The Tae-Eum group (104.87${\pm}$5.19, 108.47${\pm}$4.96, 116.00${\pm}$9.39, 110.4${\pm}$5.29. neck, chest, waist and hip, respectively) has significantly (p<0.001) bigger circumferences than So-Yang (97.79${\pm}$3.82, 100.02${\pm}$4.21, 101.02${\pm}$7.88, 101.95${\pm}$4.06) and So-Eum (95.63${\pm}$4.67, 96.93${\pm}$4.80, 97.63${\pm}$7.72, 99.86${\pm}$4.40) groups at very four measures. Discriminant functions with CC can be used for Tae-Eum Sasang type diagnostic test with 91.2% of overall Percentage Correctly Predicted (PCP). Tae-Eum type-specific sensitivity was 73.3% and Tae-Eum type-specific specificity was 94.7%. The strength and weakness of measurement and standardization methods for Sasang type diagnostic test, and the methods for the standardization of physical traits with sex and age were discussed. Our study showed distinctive physical features of Tae-Eum type and the usefulness of BIA for the Sasang type diagnosis.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2003

Purpose : In order to overcome limitations in the existing conventional spectrometer, a new spectrometer with advanced functionalities is designed and implemented. Materials and Methods : We designed a spectrometer using the TMS320C6701 DSP capable of 1 giga floating point operations per second (GFLOPS). The spectrometer can generate continuously varying complicate gradient waveforms by real-time calculation, and select image plane interactively. The designed spectrometer is composed of two parts: one is DSP-based digital control part, and the other is analog part generating gradient and RF waveforms, and performing demodulation of the received RF signal. Each recover board can measure 4 channel FID signals simultaneously for parallel imaging, and provides fast reconstruction using the high speed DSP. Results : The developed spectrometer was installed on a 1.5 Tesla whole body MRI system, and performance was tested by various methods. The accurate phase control required in digital modulation and demodulation was tested, and multi-channel acquisition was examined with phase-array coil imaging. Superior image quality is obtained by the developed spectrometer compared to existing commercial spectrometer especially in the fast spin echo images. Conclusion : Interactive control of the selection planes and real-time generation of gradient waveforms are important functions required for advanced imaging such as spiral scan cardiac imaging. Multi-channel acquisition is also highly demanding for parallel imaging. In this paper a spectrometer having such functionalities is designed and developed using the TMS320C6701 DSP having 1 GFLOPS computational power. Accurate phase control was achieved by the digital modulation and demodulation techniques. Superior image qualities are obtained by the developed spectrometer for various imaging techniques including FSE, GE, and angiography compared to those obtained by the existing commercial spectrometer.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.825-837
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• 2017

This paper describes a novel type of a walking rehabilitation robot that applies robot technologies to crutches used by patients with walking difficulties in the lower body. The primary features of the developed robot are divided into three parts. First, the developed robot is worn on the patient's chest, as opposed to the conventional elbow crutch that is attached to the forearm; hence, it can effectively disperse the patient's weight throughout the width of the chest, and eliminate the concentrated load at the elbow. Furthermore, it allows free arm motion during walking. Second, the developed robot can recognize the walking intention of the patient from the magnitude and direction of the ground reactive forces. This is done using three-axis force sensors attached to the feet of the robot. Third, the robot can perform a stair walking function, which can change vertical movement trajectories in order to step up and down a single stair according to the floor height. Consequently, we experimentally showed that the developed robot can effectively perform walking rehabilitation assistance by perceiving the walking intention of the patient. Moreover we quantitatively verified muscle power assistance by measuring the electromyography (EMG) signals of the muscles of the lower limb.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.109-119
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• 2017

In the present study, to determine walking imbalance using the walking analysis method, where limitations in the existing walking analysis have been minimized, we propose a new walking analysis method that adopts the following: self-developed equipment to measure the angles of left-right hip joints and knee joints; a determination system using symmetry index (SI); and dynamic time warping (DTW) similarity analysis algorithm to analyze individual walking styles. Normal and imbalanced walking tests were conducted for 12 subjects without walking disorder. From the SI calculation to determine imbalanced walking, both the normal and imbalanced walking styles can be determined using the angle measurements of the left-right hip joints and knee joints. In the analysis of the individual walking styles, the similarities at the center of the lower back, left-right thighs, and dorsum of the feet of the 12 subjects in both normal and imbalanced walking cases were compared. From the similarity analysis of the measured values during the normal and imbalanced walking tests, I determined that the walking pattern does not maintain the same stance when the body parts move during walking.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.158-165
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of X-rays in patients with acute traumatic vertebral fractures visiting the emergency department and to analyze the diagnostic value of X-rays for each spine level. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed basal characteristics by reviewing medical records of 363 patients with adult traumatic vertebral fractures, admitted to the emergency center from March 1, 2014 to February 28, 2017. We analyzed spine X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to determine distribution according to the vertebral level, and we evaluated the efficacy of X-rays by comparing discrepancies between X-rays and MRI scans. Results: For a total of 363 patients, the mean age was 56.65 (20-93) and 214 (59%) were males. On the basis of X-rays, 67 cases (15.1%) were of the cervical spine, 133 cases (30.0%) were of the thoracic spine, and 243 cases (54.9%) were of the lumbar spine. In particular, the thoracolumbar region (T11-L2) was the most common, with 260 cases (58.7%). In X-rays, fractures were the least in the upper thoracic region (T1-T3), whereas MRI scans revealed fairly uniform distribution across the thoracic spine. Sensitivity of X-rays was lowest in the upper thoracic spine and specificity was almost always greater than 98%, except for 94.7% in L1. Positive predictive value was lower in the mid-thoracic region (T4-T9) and negative predictive value was slightly lower in C6, T2, and T3 than at other sites. Diagnostic accuracy of X-rays by vertebral body, transverse process, and spinous process according to fractured vertebral structures was significantly different according to vertebral level. Conclusions: Diagnostic accuracy of X-rays was lower in the upper thoracic region than in other parts. Further studies are needed to identify better methods for diagnosis considering cost and neurological prognosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup3
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• pp.81-85
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• 2016

Globally, the burden of breast cancer (BC) continues to increase. BC related lymphedema (BCRL) is currently non curable and as a life time risk it affects at least 25% of BC patients. Knowing more about BCRL and appropriate control of its modifiable risk factors can improve quality of life (QOL) of the affected patients. In this case control study to detect factors, 400 women with BCRL (as the case group) and 283 patients with BC without lymphedema (as the control group) that were referred to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences affiliated BC clinic center were assessed. The data were analyzed in SPSS. The mean age of the case group was $52.3{\pm}11.0years$ and of the control group was $50.1{\pm}10.9years$. In patients with BCRL, 203(50.7%) had left (Lt) side BC and in non- lymphedema group 151 (53.3%) had Lt side BC. Out of all BCRL patients, 204 (51%) had lymphedema in all parts of their affected upper extremities, 100 (25%) had swelling in the arm and forearm and 23 (5.7%) had edema in both the upper extremity and trunk. Edema, heaviness, concern about changing body image, pain and paresthesia were the most common signs/symptoms among patients with BCRL. In BCRL patients, the difference of circumference between the affected upper limb and non-affected limb was $4.4{\pm}2.5cm$ and the difference in volume displacement was $528.7{\pm}374.4milliliters$. Multiple variable analysis showed that moderate to severe activity (OR; odds ratio =14, 95% CI :2.6-73.3), invasiveness of BC (OR =13.7, 95% CI :7.3-25.6), modified radical mastectomy (OR=4.3, 95% CI :2.3-7.9), BMI =>25 (OR=4.2, 95% CI :2-8.7), radiotherapy (OR=3.9, 95% CI :1.8-8.2), past history of limb damage (OR=1.7, 95% CI :0.9-3.1) and the number of excised lymph nodes (OR=1.06, 95% CI :1.02-1.09) were the significant predictors of lymphedema in women with BC. Modifiable risk factors of BCRL such as non-guided moderate to severe physical activity, high BMI and trauma to the limb should be controlled as early as possible in BC patients to prevent development of BCRL and improve QOL of these patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1308-1315
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different methods of feeding and processing of diets on performance, morphological changes in the small intestine and nutrient digestibility of young pigs. A total of 120 pigs (Youkshire${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Duroc; initial body weight of $5.83{\pm}0.67kg$) were randomly allotted into six treatments in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design. Treatments were 1) dry feeding with a mash diet (DM), 2) dry feeding with a pelleted diet (DP), 3) dry feeding with an expanded crumble diet (DEC), 4) wet feeding with a mash diet (WM), 5) wet feeding with a pelleted diet (WP), 6) wet feeding with an expanded crumble diet (WEC). Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were not significantly (p>0.05) different among treatments. However, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved when pigs fed a pelleted diet or an expanded crumble diet. Pigs fed an expanded crumble diet showed 9.2% and 17.3% improvement in ADG and FCR compared with those fed a mash diet. The morphological changes in the small intestine were examined at the termination (4 weeks after weaning) of the experiment. Differences in morphological changes of gastrointestinal tract were not significant among treatments. Though villus height was not significantly affected by feeding method or feed processing, the villus height of weaned pigs tended to be preserved by wet feeding. The use of a pelleted diet also helped to prevent the shortening of villus height. Pigs fed a WP diet maintained the highest villus height at all parts of the small intestine. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in nutrient digestibility among treatments. However, nutrient digestibility for pigs fed a pelleted diet had a higher than that of pigs fed mash diets. Especially, pigs fed a WP diet digested 5.3% more P each day than those fed a DM diet. Compared with the mash diet, the expanded crumble diet decreased feed cost per kg weight gain by 15%. The net profit per pig was 79% higher in the expanded crumble diet pigs than in mash diet pigs. In conclusion, this study suggests that feeding processed diets to piglets can be more beneficial in terms of FCR and production cost.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.445-454
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• 2004

A search for contraction and relaxation responses on the smooth muscles, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in different body parts of 4 freshwater fish and 4 marine fish were conducted. The four freshwater fish studied were Sarotherodon niloticus (tilapia), Channa arus (snake head), Cyprinus carpio (Israel carp) and Siluru osotus (catfish), and the four marine fish were Scyliorhinus torazame (tiger shark), Ateiepus japonicus (tadpole fish), Mugil cephalus (gray mullet) and Thamnaconus modestus (file fish). Frozen samples were extracted with distilled water containing $1{\%}$ acetic acid. Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Eschrrichia coli was detected in extracts from several tissues in all species tested. Relatively high antimicrobial activity could also be detected in the bile extracts from C. carpio, M. cephalus, and T. modestus. Contraction and relaxation responses on smooth muscles could be detected in all species tested, especially in the intestine extracts. Antioxidant activity was also detected in extracts from several tissues in all species tested, while in the extracts from S. osotus, excluding livers and spleens, no antioxidant activity was detected. Results from this study suggest that fish are a potential source for the discovery of novel bioactive materials.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.109-122
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• 2018

Objectives : The teaching which states, "Pi is the source of the phlegm and lung is the container of the phlegm" is a sentence that is regarded to have been based on the understanding of the production and container of phlegm based on physiology and pathology of viscera and bowels. However, the author's suspicion that this sentence has not received enough research as to truly understand its meaning has led to further study into this sentence. Methods : Medical book database was searched and historic medical books were reviewed in order to understanding the true meaning of this sentence. First, the meaning of the sentence was pondered upon based on how it was introduced in the original text, and each of the two parts of the sentence were closely analyzed for its relations in order to get a clear meaning of the sentence. Results : The source of this sentence is Bencaogangmu, and it describes the phenomenon of cough in the phlegm appearing more than that from pi and lungs. Later, some disagreements on this sentence developed, claiming that kidney is the source of phlegm whereas stomach is the container. Pi deficiency derives from abnormality in the transportation and transformation of pi, and it originates from kidney deficiency. Thus, kidney can be understood as the origin of phlegm. When phlegm is dispersed all around the body, it's difficult to see the stomach as a container of the phlegm. Conclusions : The pathology of the production and container of phlegm is that deficiency in kidney qi leads to the malfunction of transportation and transformation of pi, and this creates the bodily fluid to become stagnant, making pathological products such as dampness, phlegm, and retained fluid. This can be expressed as "Kidney is the origin of the phlegm, and pi is the source of the phlegm." Here, phlegm is created and stored either when phlegm enters the lungs in the process of pi dissipating into the lungs, or when pi affects the lungs which inhibits the pi movement in the lungs. This is the true meaning of "lung is the container of the phelgm."

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.263-274
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the remodeling process of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat's resected condyle. This experiment was performed with male Sprague-Dawly strain rats weighing approximately 250 gm, which were rendered diabetic by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin(70㎎/㎏ body weight). After condylectomy, experimental rats were serially terminated on the 1st week, the 2nd week, the 3rd week, and the 4th week. The following termination, the mandibles were dissected out to make specimens. Each mandibular condyle was radiographed with Hitex HA-80(Hitex Co., Ltd. Japan). In addition to radiographic observation, the mandibular condyles, further decalcified and embedded in paraffin, were sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Toluidine blue and Masson's trichrome. They were observed with a light microscope and a polarizing microscope. The results were as follows. 1. Soft X-ray radiograms revealed proliferation of bone after 1 week in both groups. Irregularly repaired bones and dense trabeculae were clearly observed in experimental group. 2. The resected condyles were repaired by intramembraneous and endochondral bone formation in both groups. 3. Bone tissue repair was initiated from the adjacent margin of resected bone, and cartilaginous tissues were observed at the top of repaired bone in both groups. 4. The number of osteoblasts of experimental group was small, compared with control group. Each osteoblast was small and flat. The thin trabeculae were irregularly formed. 5. Collagens of bone were gradually matured in both groups, but the degree of maturation was lower in experimental group. 6. Fibrous tissues covered the upper parts of repaired bone were densely arranged in the both groups. Conclusively, atrophied osteoblasts, immature collagen of bone, and thin and irregular trabeculae which were characterized in the diabetes experimental group showed diabetes disturbed osteoblastic function and caused disturbance of remodeling process of bone.