• Journal of architectural history
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• v.9 no.2 s.23
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• pp.85-100
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• 2000

This paper is a study of the Beaux-Arts discipline of architecture, as it was established during the late nineteenth century in America. It focuses on trio particular modes of vision and representation that were at the heart of the discipline. The paper argues that Beaux Arts vision was centered on what may be called 'planar vision'; a mode of seeing through which the multiple aspects of the architectural design imbedded in the plan were read and re-interpreted. Similarly Beaux-Arts training in drawing required its student to draw within the multiple layers of historical traces; the new design being in effect a new layer placed on often unseen traces of monumental precedent. The theoretical basis of this practice was not based on history but on the concept of composition. Composition, in the French tradition was regarded more a matter of practice than theory. The Anglo-American discourse on composition, on the other hand, formed a body of theoretical literature based on formalist assumptions. There was, however, a fundamental gap between these formalist theories of composition and the 'layered' modes of vision and drawing involved in the design process. This practice leaned more on the modern romantic notion of 'intuition' for its theoretical basis, once again forming an immanent conflict with the mimetic practice of classical and historical architecture. The paper draws a picture of a discipline centered on a 'theory of the plan,' a potentially modern discipline integrated with classical forms and details. It was clearly effective as a practice. However, structured by conflicts between theory and practice, history and form, mimesis and intuition, the Beaux-Arts was unable to defend itself at the philosophical and theoretical level the modernists engaged their attacks on this system. At the same time, the paper poses the question of how different modern architecture is from this system. Is not the 'theory of plan,' in its many transformations and guises, still the central discipline of twentieth century modern architecture, and is it not structured by basically the same kind of conflicts and paradox that were immanent to the Beaux-Arts system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.154-168
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• 2009

This study aims on providing a design technique that expresses aesthetical elements by arranging the analysis of sensual beauty into detailed elements of design from music video outfits by genre of pop music, by observing music videos of female vocalists chosen from each genre of pop music focusing on their fashion. The results of this study are the following. 1. In the genre rock, the sensual beauty of female were expressed with a boyish and neutral style using texture such as leather or denim, and such style had the effect of emphasizing their feminine side even more. 2. In the genre dance music, exposure is extensive compared to other genre using sexy or lingerie look, and I found an ambivalent style of feminism with clothes in the form of drapery using textures such as chiffon and silk, and femme fatale style with textures adhering to the body such as leggings, leotard, and bodysuit. 3. In the genre of rap and hip-hop, clothes from casual and costume-play style were found using training jersey, t-shirt, and denim pants, and emphasized the sensual beauty of women by showing a silhouette with short length and fitting style using shiny textures. 4. In the genre of R&B, there were diverse outfits that suits the characteristics of characters appearing in the stories, or the situation of the story since there are many dramatic representation in the form of story Especially in case of female characters, the feminine side was emphasized staging a feminine style by wearing dresses with the texture of chiffon and silk. Exposure was restrained compared to other genre.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1184-1196
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• 2010

Several applications of body scanning technology have been commercialized or are currently under development. The virtual fit from 3D scans is most advanced form of virtual try-on. This article is an analysis of the comparison of user preferences for domestic versus foreign 3D virtual try-on systems. For this study, domestic i-Fashion Mall (www.ifashionmall.co.kr) and a Canadian company, My Virtual Model (www.mvm.com) were selected as the most representative online retailers that offer a virtual try-on system. The respondents were comprised of 70 Korean female college students in the age group 20-29. A five point Likert scale was used to evaluate the degree of the preference of virtual avatar and try-on images. T-test, cross table, and a chi-square independence test were conducted for data analysis. The results are as follow. 1. The representation about current looks according to each virtual fit image indicates that MVM is more accurate than i-Fashion Mall. 2. About decision confidence, respondents have decision confidence in i-Fashion Mall in the case of the avatar image; however, respondents have confidence in MVM or the fit image. 3. There were no significant differences in among waist size groups in accuracy, trust of each avatar image, while there were significant differences among waist size groups in the accuracy and trust of each virtual fit image. 4. About ease of use, respondents answered that i-Fashion Mall is superior to MVM. 5. The respondents prioritized the ‘fitting report’ of i-Fashion Mall and ‘Weight loss’ of MVM over other functionalities.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1997

The cellularity and composition of the spleen lymph node thymus and peripheral blood and tempo of regeneration were studied at various time points after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation(BMT) in C3H/Hen mice. Significant depression of absolute lymphocyte count was noted on week 1 after lethal whole-body irradiation and BMT. In comparison to the lymph node thymus and spleen had an rapid regeneration of cellularity. The distinct cell populations($CD4^+,\;CD8^+,\;CD28^+,\;B220^+) have determined in the lymphoid tissue of mice subjected to irradiation. The relative representation of these subpopulations was significantly different from that in nonirradiated control. $CD4^+\;and\;CD8^+$ cells were present in very low numbers whereas the $B220^+$ cells reached more than normal range at 2 weeks after BMT. The number of $CD4^+$ cells returned to normal relatively soon than $CD8^+$ cell. At week 4 after BMT, the cellularity and composition of spleen lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocyte reached about 50% of the normal range therefore we can choose this time point for the other tests of immune function after BMT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.124-136
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• 2015

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the area with the most Muslim populations in China and the costume of this ethnic minority group was influenced from its surrounding environment and religion. Headgear is one of the important costume elements of Muslim ethnic minority such as Kazakh, Kirghiz, Uzbek, and Tadzhik people, and each group has developed narious forms of it. Especially, we can notice characteristics of headgear in Xinjiang Uygur and four ethnic minority groups through women's headgear pursuant to motive of wear, classification of type, differences and comparability with other areas. Thus, purpose of this study is to investigate women's headgear of Muslim ethnic minority in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Based on local data at the Xinjiang Uygur Museum, the study referred to Chinese ethnic minority costume and literature data as well as advanced researches related to Islam, and analyzed characteristics of women's headgear of four ethnic groups in connection with Muslim formation background in Xinjiang Uygur. Women's headgear of Muslim ethnic minority in Xinjiang Uygur can be largely divided into three types; cylindrical, conical and hood type. Headgear was influenced not only by natural environment and weather for protection of body, but also by Islam. Along with strong desire for decoration and expression of racial features, it was used as a means of race discrimination and representation of identity. The religion of Islam within these four ethnic groups grew in accordance with tradition of existing nomadic tribes and regional characteristics, and women's headgear developed in various ways added with religious precepts and nomadic features. Taking everything into consideration, it is found that women's headgear of Kazakh, Kirghiz, Uzbek, and Tadzhik people developed, adopting their own living style and features of minority races instead of remaining identical to the headgear type of Muslim countries in other area.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.302-310
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• 2013

Many museums have recently employed digital technologies in exhibition installations to provide visitors with interactive experiences with the installations, not just audiences. However, most of them have focused on the adoption of new prototypes or technologies, not considering user experiences of those systems carefully. This study developed an evaluation tool for usability of the tangible user interfaces and conducted a usability study on museum installations emphasizing user interaction and experience. The evaluation tool is composed of 5 features of tangible user interfaces such as tangible, interaction, convenience, representation, spatial interaction and social interaction, and 24 items. The museum we investigated is the Gwacheon National Science Museum, where 8 installations, classified 4 categories, were selected for the usability study. We recruited 6 undergraduate students, who were divided into 2 teams, each team having 3 students. Three students in a team manipulated and experience each installation together and reported their evaluation score through the questionnaire and interviews. The results showed that the score of the usability for the category 3, which requires students to move their bodies for the interaction, is the highest one because it features with spatial interaction. Students expressed much interest in the category 4, which utilizes users' other senses, however, the score of the usability is the lowest because the interaction is temporary and repetitive. Most installations are well designed in terms of control constraints, legibility, lower thresholds, participation encouragement, and open to the public, but pooly designed in terms of multiple access points, configurability, accurate movement, ambient media, and full-body interaction.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.27-40
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• 2015

Live cinema theatre is the latest installment of multimedia show where the filming of the performance of dramatic texts becomes the live stage event. Here, the actors perform before the camera and all the audio-visual effects are produced and constructed live. Mediated through the camera and projection screen, the stage image becomes a real-time production situation where all the scenes are put together right in front of a live audience. The very concept of live cinema as dramatic theatre has been developed by English stage director Katie Mitchell who attempts to present the stage as a cohesive representation system; this is more than a provisional experimentation where the ever-changing notion of in-betweenness is constantly tested. It is rather a predetermined operational system where the relationship between cinema and theatre is governed by the logic of synchrony, therefore maintain their own individual institutional reality. Here, the presence of camera has an effect not only on the organization of stage but also an affect on how human body exists within the situation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.15-24
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• 2011

Recently various anatomic researches by using serially sectioned images in VK(Visible Korean) project are in progress. In that sense, it is very important and necessary to represent images which keep information of the original anatomic images. In this regard, there are some studies to get rid of slice patterns in coronal and sagittal images. However, according to the rapid spatial frequency changes, the ringing effect occurred in common. In addition, because of merge with the original images which have splice patterns, those patterns appeared again. Therefore, in this study we found effective color space to apply to FFT(Fast Fourier Transform) and notch filter in getting rid of the slice patterns. To verify this, we used RGB, LAB, CMYK, HSV and HSL color space. Secondly we got rid of and alleviated the ringing effect by improving notch filter. To verify this, we compared proposed method with previous study on the basis of original images by visual method and objective values. These result images are expected to contribute to anatomy research in relation to VK project.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.626-639
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• 2009

As the global trend of Retro combined with the tendency of individualism which respects dramatic change and diversity in the 21st century, Goth subculture of Korea developed into various popular styles. This study, noticing the influences of Goth to the Korean youth culture and fashion trends, intends to examine the current fashion trends to analyze the various aspects of the influences of Goth to the Korean youth culture. To do this, various documents and numerous Internet materials on the Korean Goth culture are comprehensively reviewed, and the Goth look images of popular stars, photographs from fashion magazines and fashion collections are gathered, analysed, and classified into types, and the specific characteristics of these types are comprehensively analysed. According to the result of this research, Punk Goth look, departing from the sensational and aggressive style of Punk look, expresses sexy and luxurious images, while Romantic Goth look shows the brilliant and cheerful style by mixing the cute girlish image and the elegant feminine image of exaggerated details and voluminous silhouette. Avant garde Goth look parodies Goth image by using the dramatic effects of Goth images or is expressed in performances. Sexy Goth look, which reveals the sexual attractiveness of men and women much more assertively, tries to do suggestive representation and excessive exposure of human body. Dandy Goth look, which has the simple and modern line, expresses the calm and chic feeling by employing basic items with minimized details and coordinating unique accessories for accent.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.3-17
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• 2015

For many years commentators have requested more active regulation of attorney ethics in international arbitration. Gradual deterioration of ethical standards in international arbitration will bring disrepute and, once its reputation is lost, it could take decades to rebuild confidence. The first reason for increasing unethical behavior is that there is no ethical code generally applied to all lawyers participating in international arbitration. A second reason might be that nobody is actively regulating attorneys in international arbitration. The first step to solve this problem is that major arbitration institutions should cooperate to enact a uniform code of conduct to be generally applied to all attorneys representing parties in international arbitration. Recently, IBA and LCIA prepared guidelines on party representation in international arbitration, and the guidelines will help attorneys follow uniform standardsof ethics. However, this will not be sufficient. There should be a regulating body to monitor attorney ethics and take sanctions against unethical attorneys accordingly. Arbitrators, who can see unethical behavior by attorneys from the closest distance, are the most appropriate regulating force rather than courts of arbitration seat or an attorney's licensing country. Of course, arbitrators don't have powers to withdraw or suspend an attorney's license, but they have powers to control attorneys'behavior within arbitration proceedings such as an allocation of fees and costs, barring the assertion of claims or defenses, drawing adverse inferences, or precluding the submission of evidence or testimony. Furthermore, arbitrators should be provided with such obligation as active control of attorney ethics. Even arbitration institutions should participate by imposing on an attorney who is a repeat offender a suspension from appearing in future arbitrations. Unethical behavior will decrease through concerted actions among arbitrational institutions to introduce a uniform code of conduct and to empower arbitrators for more efficient regulation of attorney ethics.