• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2006

From the harmfulness expectation test conducted through a toxicity anticipation program, methylcyclohexane turned out to be harmful and simulative, but no carcinogenicity was anticipated. In a four-hour acute inhalation toxicity test, the result showed that lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was 3,750 ppm (15,054 mg/L), which was identified as a harmful substance on the basis of the harmful substance classification standard $2 of the Industrial safety and health law. methylcyclohexane fell under the category $4(2,500 substance from the GHS standard acute toxicity harmfulness classification. Also, from subchronic inhalation toxicity test that included 6 hours a day, five days a week, and for 13 weeks, we could observe weight, activity, long term weight, blood and blood biochemical influence from the exposure of test substance. No-observed effect level (NOEL) was determined below $100{\sim}400ppm$ inboth male and female. This material falls under the Category 2 ($50{\sim}250ppm/6hours/90days$) in the GHS (Globally Harmonized System) standard trace long-term whole body toxicity repeated exposure, and can be classified as a harmful substance in accordance with the Industrial Safety and Health Law harmful substance standard $NOEL{\leq}0.5mg/L/6hr/90day$ (rat).

• KSBB Journal
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.266-271
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• 1994

Amp. B의 세포막 독성을 낮추기 위하여 egg phosphatidylcholine를 사용한 리포좀계를 이용하였다. 리포좀에 포획 된 Amp.B는 Candida albicans에 대해 free drug보다 향상되거나 동일한 항생효과를 가지면서도 동시에 적혈구에 대한 세포막 독성은 현 저히 감소된 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 Ca$\pi$dida albicans의 ergosterol이나 적혈구의 ch이es­t terol사이에 리포좀이라는 제3의 이중막이 존재할 경우 이들 사이에서 Amp. B가 재분배하게 되어 상대적으로 적혈구에 대한 독성은 줄어드나 리포좀보다는 ergosterol에 대한 친화력이 크므로 항생효과의 면에서는 큰 변화가 없는 것으로 보인다. Candiida의 세포벽과 결합할 수 있는 효소를 리포좀 표면에 삽입하기 위하여 ${\beta}$-glucuronidase를 이용하였으나 약물전달의 상승효과는 크게 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.446-453
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• 2021

Background: Plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter (microplastics) are well-known for causing various toxicities such as lung inflammation, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. As microplastics become smaller, they can move across cell membranes, the placenta, and the blood-brain barrier. Objectives: We evaluated the toxicities of polyethylene microplastics (PE-PMs) in dams and neonates through intragastric intubation of pregnant ICR mice. Methods: Low concentrations (0.01 mg/mouse/day) and high concentrations (0.1 mg/mouse/day) of polyethylene microplastics were administered from the ninth day of pregnancy to postnatal day seven. The control group was administered with distilled water. On the day of sacrifice, the weight of dams and neonates and the organ weight of neonates was measured. Further, acetylcholinesterase levels and glutathione peroxidase levels were evaluated by using a blood sample obtained on the sacrifice day. Results: No significant difference in the number of neonates was found, but the body weight gain of dams was seen to be lower in the low-dose group. On the other hand, we observed a consecutively declining trend in the weight gain and organ weight of neonates among the high-, control, and low-dose groups. Meanwhile, the serum acetylcholinesterase and glutathione peroxidase level were higher in the low-dose group compared to the control group. Further, the dose-dependent accumulation of microplastics in the organs of neonates revealed the transport of plastic particles from dams to their offspring. Conclusions: Although the exact mechanism of toxicity caused by microplastics could not be confirmed, it was validated that exposure to microplastics during pregnancy and lactation causes its migration between generations and accumulation throughout the body. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the systemic toxicity of microplastics and assessment of co-morbidities such as second-generation toxicity, neurotoxicity, and depression following long-term exposure.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.21-39
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• 2010

Objectives & Method : We investigated toxicity, poisoning symptoms, poisoning treatment and prevention against poisoning of herbal medicines used to activate blood flow and remove blood stasis(活血祛瘀藥) in order to use herbal medicines accurately. Result : Cnidii Rhizoma(川芎), Olibanum(乳香), Myrrha(沒藥), Corydalis Tuber(玄胡索), Zedoariae Rhizoma(莪朮), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix(丹參), Polygoni Cuspidati Radix(虎杖根), Leonuri Herba(益母草), Persicae Semen(桃仁), Carthami Flos(紅花), Manitis Squama(穿山甲), Eupolyphaga(蟅蟲), Hirudo(水蛭), Vaccariae Semen(王不留行), Sappan Lignum(蘇木), Lacca Sinica Exsiccata(乾漆), Draconis Resina(血竭) and Leonuri Semen(茺蔚子) may give rise to some side effects or toxic symptoms in herbal medicines used to activate blood flow and remove blood stasis(活血祛瘀藥). The representative methods of poisoning treatment in western medicines are washing out the stomach, promotion of vomiting, causing diarrhea, supplies of grape sugar and symptomatic treatment, etc. The representative methods of poisoning treatment in oriental medicine take advantage of herbs. And Oriental medical doctor should meet symptoms as patients call for attention. In order to prevent against poisoning of herbal medicines used to activate blood flow and remove blood stasis (活血祛瘀藥), the patients should keep usage, dosage and notes and oriental medical doctors should do processing drugs. Conclusion : We should pay attention to clinical using of Cnidii Rhizoma(川芎), Olibanum(乳香), Myrrha(沒藥), Corydalis Tuber(玄胡索), Zedoariae Rhizoma(莪朮), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix(丹參), Polygoni Cuspidati Radix(虎杖根), Leonuri Herba(益母草), Persicae Semen(桃仁), Carthami Flos(紅花), Manitis Squama(穿山甲), Eupolyphaga(蟅蟲), Hirudo(水蛭), Vaccariae Semen(王不留行), Sappan Lignum(蘇木), Lacca Sinica Exsiccata(乾漆), Draconis Resina(血竭) and Leonuri Semen(茺蔚子) in herbal medicines used to activate blood flow and remove blood stasis(活血祛瘀藥).

• 생약학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.250-254
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• 1999

Cadmium chloride and Yukmijihwang-tang extract (YJT), a herbal restorative were treated 3 mg/kg s.c. and 500 mg/kg p.o. respectively, and concurrently to rats, and examined the variations of the body weight, feed efficiency ratio, accumulation of cadmium in kidney, the triglyceride and cholesterol in serum, the blood pressure and heart rate of rats. The values of body weight gained and feed efficiency ratio decreased, and the other values increased significantly in cadmium-treated group, but concurrent administration with YJT showed significant recovery from the toxicity of cadmium.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제13권3_4호
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• pp.117-123
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• 1998

Paraquat is a useful nonselective herbicide widely used throughout the world. However, accidental or intentional ingestion of the paraquat cause fetal pulmonary injuring. But there is not suitable antidote of paraquat intoxication and therapeutic agents now be used are not effective. So, in this study we intended to evaluate the inhibitory effects of DDB(dimethyl-4,4'dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylene dioxyphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate) on paraquat toxicity. DDB (100mg/kg) was administered orally to SD rats lhr after paraquat(50mg/kg) injection. After 24 hours, the biochemical parameters of blood and tissues were examined. In paraquat treated groups sGPT, sGOT, BUN, creatinine, MDA and alkaline phosphatase levels in blood and MDA, glucose-6-phosphatase activity in tissues were elevated by 2 to 5 times of normal values. However in schizandrin treated groups, sGPT, sGOT, MDA and alkaline phosphatase activity in blood and MDA and glucose-6-phosphatase activity were significantly decreased to notmal levels but not in biochemical parameters of nephrotoxicity, BUN and creatinine levels. Therefore, we concluded that schizandrin can be used as an antidote of pulmono, hepatotoxicity of paraquat.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.336-343
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the single-dose toxicity and the safety of Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts. Methods: Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Doses of Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts were set at 0.25 mL (low-dose), 0.5 mL (medium-dose) and 1.0 mL (high-dose) for the test groups. A dose of 1.0 mL of normal saline solution was set for the control group. During 14 days, general symptoms, mortalities, and changes in hematology, blood biochemistry and histopathology of all rats were observed. Results: No death was observed in all test groups. Any abnormal symptom was not observed in all of the groups. No significant changes in weight between the control group and the test groups were observed. In addition, no significant differences in the hematology signs, the blood biochemistry levels and the histopathological signs related to the Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts injection were observed. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture at doses of 1.0 mL or less may be consider safe and non-toxic. So, it can be used for therapy of obesity sufficiently. But further studies on this subject must be performed to confirm and verify this conclusion.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.66-78
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• 2010

Acute (24 h) and chronic (90 days) oral toxicity studies on the ethanol extract of Trigonella foenumgraecum Leguminosae (L.) seeds were carried out. Acute dosages were 0.5, 1.0 and 3 g/kg while chronic dosage was 100 mg/kg per day of the extract. All morphological, biochemical, haematological and spermatogenic changes, in addition to mortality, body weight changes and any change in vital organs were recorded. Histopathological investigations were done on vital organs. Growth arrest in the treated animals was observed. The treated mice gained no significant weight during chronic treatment while there was a significant gain in body weight of the control group mice. Biochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in blood sugar levels of fenugreek treatment groups while haematological parameters remained comparable to the control. In the treatment, male group there was a significant decrease in weight of testes as compared to the control. There was a marginal weight gain in kidney weight of mice after chronic treatment as compared to the control. Fenugreek chronic treatment caused a highly significant spermatotoxic effects in male mice.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.290-295
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• 1994

Micelle, liposome and polyethylene glycol(PEG) were employed to reduce the cell mem- brane toxicity of Amphotericin B(Amp. B). Cholesterol-sulfate which can form a mixed micelle with Amp. B molecules was found very effective for the reduction of Amp. B toxicity. 0.01% of cholesterol-sulfate could reduce the toxicity of 5X 10$^{-6}$ M Amp. B by 90%. The required concent- ration of cholesterol-sulfate for the toxicity reduction was proportionally increased with increasing Amp. B concentration. PEG was also effective on the reduction of Amp. B toxicity. 2% PEG was required for the reduction of toxicity by 50%, regardless of Amp. B concentration. The liposome system showed an effective reduction of Amp. B toxicity on RBC, maintaining the antibiotic effect on Candida albicans as free drugs. This seems to be due to the fact that liposome bilayer plays a role of buffer system between ergosterol of fungi cell membrane and cholesterol of red blood cell membrane, which leads the redistribution of Amp. B between them, as the result, the reduction of drug toxicity on cell membrane.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.203-225
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• 1997

Jihwangbakhotang(地黃白虎楊) is made by Li Je Ma, the creator of the Four Constitutional Medicine. Single and 13 weeks oral repeated dose toxicity studies were conducted in Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes to elucidate the potential acute and subchronic toxicity of JBT extract and reversibility of any effects. In the single dose study, JBT extract was administered orally to rats with the dose of 2 g/kg and 8 g/kg. In the long term administration of 13 weeks, the JBT extract of 125 mg/kg/day, 500 mg/kg/day, 2000 mg/kg/day was administered to rats. The change of blood weight, urine volume, electrolyte in urine, hematological change, the change of blood chemistry, autopsy finding, and histological observation were researched, the results were as follows; 1. The lethal dose of JBT extract seems to be over 10 g/kg, the single administration of JBT extract 8 g/kg showed no toxical signs except little increase of urine volume. 2. The change of body weight had the trend of decrease in the group of, but has no significance, and also the consumption of food and water had no changes. 3. The hematological changes induced by the 13 weeks administration of JBT extract showed the significance in the item of Hb, MCH, MCV, WBC in the group of 125 mg/kg/day. 4. In the test of blood chemistry, total cholesterol showed little decrease and A/G ratio showed little increase, but the change was not clear, and the standard error was large. So the result was obtained insignificantly and the toxicity of JBT extract was not observed. 5. In the male group after recovery period, the level of cholesterol and triglyceride decreased slightly, but the result was not significant. 6. In the urine test, the little change of electrolyte was appeared, but it seemed not to be the result induced by the toxicity of JBT extract. 7. In each group of male and female rats, the weight change of organ and the serum histological changes was observed, but the result did not showed the dose dependent toxicity. So the toxicity of JBT extract was not regarded. In the conclusion, the toxicity of JBT extract was not observed in the single dose treatment and long term repetitive administration of JBT extract.