• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.442-450
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• 1999

Background : Isoniazid(INH) and rifampicin(RFP) are the most effective anti-tuberculosis drugs which make the short-course chemotherapy possible. Although prescribed dosages of INH and RFP in Korea are different from those recommended by American Thoracic Society, there has been few study about pharmacokinetic profiles of INH and RFP in Korean patients who receive INH, RFP, ethambutol(EMB) and pyrazinamide(PZA) simultaneously. Methods : Among the patients with active tuberculosis from Dec. 1997 to July 1998, we selected 17 patients. After an overnight fast, patients were given INH 300mg, RFP 450mg, EMB 800mg and PZA 1500mg daily. Blood samples for the measurement of plasma INH(n=15) and RFP(n=17) level were drawn each at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12hrs, and urine was also collected. INH and RFP level in the plasma and the urine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters such as peak serum concentration(Cmax), time to reach to peak serum concentration(Tmax), half-life, elimination rate constant(Ke), total body clearance(CLtot), nonrenal clearance(CLnr), and renal clearance(CLr) were calculated. Results : 1) Pharmacokinetic parameters of INH were as follows: Cmax; $7.63{\pm}3.20{\mu}g/ml$, Tmax; $0.73{\pm}0.22hr$, half-life; $2.12{\pm}0.84hrs$, Ke; $0.83{\pm}0.15hrs^{-1}$, CLtot; $17.54{\pm}8.89L/hr$, CLnr; $14.74{\pm}8.35L/hr$, CLr; $2.79{\pm}1.31L/hr$. 2) Pharmacokinetic parameters of RFP were as follows: Cmax; $8.93{\pm}3.98{\mu}g/ml$, Tmax; $1.76{\pm}1.13hrs$, half-life; $2.27{\pm}0.54hrs$, Ke; $0.32{\pm}0.08hrs^{-1}$, CLtot; $14.63{\pm}6.60L/hr$, CLr; $1.04{\pm}0.55L/hr$, CLnr; $13.59{\pm}6.21L/hr$. 3) While the correlation between body weight and Cmax of INH was not statistically significant (r=-0.514, p value>0.05), Cmax of RFP was significantly affected by body weight of the patients(r=-0.662, p value<0.01). Conclusion : In Korean patients with tuberculosis, 300mg of INH will be sufficient to reach the ideal peak blood level even in the patients over 50kg of body weight However, 450mg of RFP will not be the adequate dose in the patients who weigh over 50~60kg.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1236-1240
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to identify the effect of early weaning on body weight change, milk production and the return to estrus in Awassi ewes. Twenty multiparous winter-lambing Awassi ewes were randomly assigned to either suckled (S, n=10) or non-suckled (NS, n=10) groups in a completely randomized design. Lambs in the NS group were removed from their dams on day 2 postpartum (PP). Animal body weights (BW) and body condition scores (BCS) were recorded at the beginning of the study and every 3 weeks thereafter until the end of the experiment. Milk production was estimated by machine milking at weekly intervals for 4 weeks beginning on d 11 PP. Blood samples were collected from each ewe every third day for 4 weeks beginning on day 15 PP. Initial body weight was similar for both treatments. By the end of the experiment, NS ewes gained an average of 1.8${\pm}$1.0 kg while S ewes lost an average of 7.0${\pm}$1.0 kg (p<0.001). Body condition scores followed a trend similar to that observed for BW and was greater (p<0.001) in the NS ewes. Significant correlation existed (p<0.01) between BW and BCS (r=0.77). The first milk production recording for both suckled and non-suckled was similar. Later recordings, however, showed that the S group had greater milk production (p<0.01) compared with the NS group. Lambs in the NS group were heavier (p<0.05) than those in the S group on d 10 PP. By the end of the study, lamb weights in the NS group were significantly lower (p<0.001) when compared with S group. The first rise in plasma progesterone ($P_{4}$) occurred earlier (p<0.05) in the NS than S ewes (day 27.0${\pm}$2.2 vs. 34.0${\pm}$2.2 postpartum, respectively). All of the NS ewes (10/10) and 60% (6/10) of the S ewes expressed estrus following ram introduction (p<0.05). Results of the current study indicate that non-suckled ewes gained more weight and displayed ovarian activity earlier than suckled ewes. Early lamb removal can be used to obtain biannual lambing in Awassi sheep.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.543-550
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• 2007

Purpose: Diabetic foot ulcer is a representative disease of chronic would with multiple defects of wound healing factors. Many nutrition factors have been known to be essential for wound healing, but objective data are lacking. The purpose of this study is to determine those factors essential for wound healing, and to find out which of those factors are lacking in diabetic foot ulcer patients through this pilot study. Methods: We studied 100 patients who visited our clinic from March 2005 to February 2006 for treatment of diabetic foot ulcers with a duration of more than 6 weeks. We checked serum levels of protein, albumin, vitamin A, C, E, iron, magnesium, zinc, copper and hemoglobin by drawing 23cc blood after 8 hours of fasting. Protein, albumin, iron, magnesium levels were measured by colorimetry; hemoglobin levels were measured by auto analysis. Vitamin levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), copper and zinc levels were measured by Inductively coupled plasma (ICP). They were compared with normal values. The patients were divided by transcutaneous oxygen pressure levels, age and sex to study the effects of these parameters. Results: 76% and 61% of patients had within-normal range serum protein and albumin levels, respectively. Among vitamins, only the level of vitamin C was low in 55% of the patients. Levels of vitamin A, E were normal or high in 93% and 100% of patients. As for trace elements, levels of iron and zinc were low in 63% and 60% of patients, but levels of magnesium and copper were usually normal or high. Levels of vitamin C, iron and zinc were lower in the low-transcutaneous oxygen pressure group. There were no definite differences according to age and sex. Conclusion: Serum levels of Hb, vitamin C, iron, zinc were low in most diabetic foot ulcer patients. The deficit was very severe in the low-transcutaneous oxygen pressure group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.685-691
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• 2008

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary copper (Cu) on performance, carcass characteristics and lipid metabolism in lambs. Fifty DorperMongolia wether lambs (approximately 3 month of age; 23.80.6 kg of body weight) were housed in individual pens and were assigned randomly to one of five treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) control (no supplemental Cu), 2) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu-lysine, 3) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu-lysine, 4) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from tribasic copper chloride (Cu2(OH)3Cl; TBCC), 5) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from tribasic copper chloride. The Cu concentration was 6.74 mg/kg DM in the basal diet. Body weight was measured on two consecutive days at the start and the end of the 60-day experimental period. Blood samples were collected and then the lambs were slaughtered on d 60. Performance was not affected (p>0.05) by dietary Cu treatment. Cu-supplemented and control lambs had similar hot carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus muscle area, but Cu supplementation, regardless of source and level, reduced (p<0.01) 12th rib backfat and kidney fat in lambs. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and serum triglyceride concentrations were increased (p<0.05), total cholesterol concentrations were decreased (p<0.05) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations tended to be increased (p<0.07) by Cu supplementation. However, Serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatment. Fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle was similar across treatments. These results indicate that Cu-lysine and TBCC are of similar availability in lambs. Cu supplementation given to DorperMongolia wether lambs altered lipid metabolism. The reduction in backfat depth may be due to copper altering TNF- metabolism in lambs. Supplementation of 10 or 20 mg Cu/kg DM showed similar effects on lipid metabolism in lambs.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2009

Domestic bitches are non-seasonally monoestrus; spontaneously ovulate only once or twice occurs at anytime of the year. Estrus induction has been applied infrequent estrus, misleading ovulation, mating difficulties, failure to conceive after normal mating, pregnancy failure and biological research. Protocol of estrus induction which included variable hormones such as FSH, GnRH, and PMSG have been applied for the last decades. Recently, Bromocriptine, one of anti-prolatin/dopamine agonist has been occasionally applied for estrus induction. The study was carried out to investigate the effective method for the induction of estrus in bitches using different hormone treatments, and the initiation time of estrus from hormone treatment by assessments of cytological observation and blood plasma progesterone concentration. A total of 54 bitches on anestrus were selected for the study and divided randomly into 8 treatment groups as follow. Control, natural estrus; FSH (L), FSH (1.5 mg/kg, twice a day, $Falltrophin^{(R)}$, Vetrepharm); FSH (H), FSH (3.0 mg/kg, twice a day); GnRH+FSH, GnRH (5 ug/kg, once first day, $GNADON^{(R)}$, Dongbang)+FSH (3 mg/kg, SID); PMSG, PMSG (50 IU/kg, every third day $FOLLIGON^{(R)}$, Intevet); GnRH+PMSG, GnRH (5 ug/kg, only first day)+PMSG (50 IU/kg, every third day); GnRH, GnRH (5 ug/kg, only first day); Bromocriptine, bromocriptine (0.3 mg/kg, SID, $Parlodel^{(R)}$, Novartis). The bitches were evaluated clinical sign, cytological exam and $OVUCHECK^{(R)}$ Premate for assessment of estrus induction. Estrus induction rates were significantly (P<0.05) higher in GnRH+PMSG (100%) compared to others. PMSG and GnRH+PMGS (87.5 and 100%) and Bromocriptine (77.8%) were higher than others except GnRH+PMSG. Analysis of vaginal smear has proved to be effective a correct assessment of estrus induction with assay of progesterone concentration by $OVUCHECK^{(R)}$ Premate. Proestrus initiated by the $6^{th}$ after induction in most case. In conclusion, bromocriptine is an effective drug for estrus induction in bitches and assay of progesterone concentration by $OVUCHECK^{(R)}$ Premate with examination of vaginal smear that should be useful to detection of estrus induction of estrus induced bitches.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.599-610
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• 2007

Effect of dietary krill meal levels on the cellular immunity was studied in broiler chicks activated immune response. One day old male broiler chicks(Ross) were fed the experimental krill meal 0.0(basal), 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% diets for 3wks. Blood TNF-α activity, ovotransferrin level and Con A induced proliferation of PBMC and splenocytes after 24 hr(21 d age) of the croton oil 10㎕ injection intra- musculary at the age of 20 days compared to the control olive oil. Krill meal diets did not affect growth performance of broiler chicks and plasma ovotransferrin levels but decreased significantly(p<0.0001) TNF-α like activity and proliferation of PBMC relative to krill meal 0.0% diet. And the proliferation of splenocytes were significantly(p<0.05) increased in birds fed krill meal 1.0% diet relative to krill meal 0.5 and 2.0% diets. The croton oil injection induced a significant(p<0.0001) increases in the TNF-α activity or the PBMC proliferation and enhanced circulating ovotransferrin levels relative to the olive oil. In birds injected with the croton oil the proliferation of PBMC was reduced linearly with the increase of dietary krill meal levels, and the proliferation of splenocytes was decreased in the krill meal 1.0 and 2.0% diets relative to olive oil. These results indicated that dietary krill meal changed the innate and cellular immunity in broiler chicks activated by the injection of croton oil.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.363-375
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• 1989

It has been well known that peripheral infusion of angiotensin II results in an increase of blood pressure, and an elevation of aldosterone secretion, and an inhibition of renin relase. However, the direct effect of angiotensin II on renal function has not been clearly established. In the present study, to investigate the effect of angiotensin II on renal function and renin release, angiotensin II (0.3, 3 and 10 ng/kg/min) was infused into a unilateral renal artery of the unanesthetized rabbit and changes in renal function and active and inactive renin secretion rate (ARSR, IRSR) were measured. In addition, to determine the relationship between the renal effect of angiotensin II and adenosine, the angiotensin II effect was evaluated in the presence of simultaneously infused 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT, 30 nmole/min), adenosine A 1 receptor antagonist. Angiotensin II infusion at dose less than 10 ng/kg/min decreased urine flow, clearances of para-amino-hippuric acid and creatinine, and urinary excretion of electrolytes in dose-dependent manner. The changes in urine flow and sodium excretion were significantly correlated with the change in renal hemodynamics. Infusion of angiotensin II at 10 ng/kg/min also decreased ARSR, but it has no significant effect on IRSR. The change in ARSR was inversely correlated with the change in IRSR. The plasma concentration of catecholamine was not altered by an intarenal infusion of angiotensin II. In the presence of 8-PT in the infusate, the effect of angiotensin II on renal function was significantly attenuated, but that on renin secretion was not modified. These results suggest that the reduction in urine flow and Na excretion during intrarenal infusion of angiotensin II was not due to direct inhibitions of renal tubular transport systems, but to alterations of renal hemodynamics which may partly be mediated by the adenosine receptor.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1993

Acute and chronic effects of ethanol (EOH) administration on the cardiovascular and hormonal responses to repeated hemorrhage were investigated in conscious normotensive Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The chronic EOH treated group received 5% EOH (vol/vol) ad libitum in the drinking water far the first week,10% for the last 2 weeks, and 20% for the last 5 weeks from the age of 6 weeks. The EOH free group received tap water. Chronic EOH and EOH free groups were randomly subdivided into acute EOH infusion and control groups. Under ether anesthesia, catheters were inserted into the femoral vein and both femoral arteries. After rats regained consciousness and their blood pressure was stabilized, responses to quick hemorrhage (5 ml/kg BW) were tested. In the acute EOH infusion group, hemorrhage was induced 20 min after EOH infusion (1.0 g/kg BW), Baroreceptor reflex sensitivity was assessed by the ratio of changes in hen.1 rate and mean arterial pressure (${\Delta}HR/{\Delta}MAP$) immediately after the hemorrhage. Chronic EOH administration elevated MAP in Wistar rats. During acute EOH infusion, MAP do- creased and HR increased in all groups. In comparison to EOH free control rats, acute or chronic EOH treated rats showed a greater reduction in MAP and a smaller elevation in heart rate in response to a hemorrhage. The degree of MAP reduction was significantly greater in SHR than in Wistar rats. Both the acute and chronic EOH administration attenuated the baroreceptor reflex and retarded MAP recovery, again the trend being much more prominent in SHR. The increase in plasma vasopressin and lenin concentrations after hemorrhage were intensified by the chronic EOH administration. SHR showed a greater vasopressin response but a smaller lenin response than Wistar rats. These results indicate that the EOH treated rats, particularly SHB, are prone to shock by a hemorrhage, which may be partly attributed to an impaired baroreceptor reflex function.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2012

To evaluate the effect of endocrine disruption chemicals (EDCs) to aquatic organisms, muddy loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) was exposed to low concentration methomyl for 21 days in order to identify the effect of biomarkers and endocrine. Vitellogenin (VTG) in blood plasma, which used widely as validated biomarker for endocrine disruption, was significantly greater in male fish exposed to 0.4 mg/L and 2 mg/L methomyl, and in female fish exposed to 0.08 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, and 2 mg/L methomyl for 21 days (p<0.05). This results suggest that methomyl have probability of endocrine disruption to organism on aquatic system. While inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increase of DNA damage in comet assay were verified by fish exposed to methomyl, change of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was not occurred, comparing the control group (p<0.05). Indicators at the level of organism such as condition factor (CF), hepato-somatic index (HSI), and gonado-somatic index (GSI) were not influenced by exposure of methomyl. In conclusion, these results showed the possibility of methomyl in regard to not only endocrine disruption but also impacts on biochemical biomarkers to aquatic organisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1670-1676
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• 2007

Fifty repeat breeder (RB) Friesian cows were allocated to five groups of 10 cows each, to determine the effect of progesterone (P4) supplement on P4 concentrations and pregnancy rates during the periods of corpus luteum (CL) formation and development between days 2-7 and 7-12 following a spontaneous or $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-induced estrus. Cows were artificially inseminated during $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-induced (PGF-P4-d2 and PGF-P4-d7 groups) or spontaneous (S-P4-d2, S-P4-d7, and control groups) estrus. Progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) devoid of estrogen capsule were inserted either on d 2 (PGF-P4-d2 and S-P4-d2 groups) or d 7 (PGF-P4-d7 and S-P4-d7 groups) post-insemination and left in place for 5 days. Control cows did not receive any treatment. Blood samples were collected for progesterone analysis from all cows once daily for 4 days starting on the day of estrus (d 0) and once every 3 days thereafter until d 22. Progesterone treatment by day interaction accounted for higher plasma P4 in treated than non-treated control cows. Progesterone concentrations differed significantly (p<0.05) during metestrus (d 2 to d 7) but not during diestrus (d 7 to d 12). $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ treatment, lactation number, service number or their interactions did not affect progesterone concentrations and pregnancy rates. Therefore, cows were grouped according to the day of P4 supplement irrespective of the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ treatment. Progesterone supplement on d 7 but not d 2 significantly increased (p<0.03) pregnancy rates in repeat breeding cows with four or more previous services but not in cows in their third service. In conclusion, post-insemination P4 supplement to repeat breeding cows with four or more previous services improved pregnancy rates and should be advocated when no specific reason for infertility is diagnosed. Further studies with larger numbers of repeat breeding cows under field conditions are needed to ascertain the findings of this study.