• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1531-1540
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• 2002

With the invention of the inlaying technique for celadon in the latter half of the 12th century, the Koryo potters reached a new height of artistic and scientific achievement in ceramics chemical technology. Inlaid celadon shards, collected in 1991 during the surface investigation of Kangjin kilns found on the southwestern shore of South Korea, were imbedded in epoxy resin and polished for cross-section examination. Backscattered electron images were taken with an electron microprobe equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. The spectrometer was also used to determine the composition of micro-areas. Porcelain stone, weathered rock of quartz, mica, and feldspar composition were found to be the raw material for the body and important components in the glaze and white inlay. The close similarity between glaze and black inlay in the microstructure suggests that the glaze material was modified by adding clay with high iron content, such as biotite, for use as black inlay. The deep soft translucent quality of celadon glaze is brought about by its microstructure of bubbles, remnant and devitrified minerals, and the schlieren effect.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.68.1-68.1
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• 2016

Binary black hole mergers are one of the important candidate of gravitational wave (GW) emission. Recently a successful GW observation was done by LIGO team, but it is still uncertain how many GW signals will be observable. In this research, we perform simplified N-body simulations containing three mass components, ordinary stars with two kind of stellar mass black holes. Various BH compositions are tested to investigate the effect of BH mass function on binary formation rate. As a result, we find the binary formation rate is not much affected by BH mass function and always around 30 %, but the detectable merging binaries are largely depend on higher mass BH population.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.413-417
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• 2010

To understand the function of edges in perception of moving objects, we defined four questions to answer. Is the focus point in visual motion detection of a moving object: (1) the body or the edge of the object, (2) the leading edge or trailing edge of the object, (3) different in scotopic, mesopic and photopic luminance levels, or (4) different for colored objects? We measured the Optomotor Response (OMR) and Edge Triggering Response (ETR) of goldfish. We used a square and sine wave patterns with black and red stripes and a square wave pattern with black and grey stripes to generate OMR's and ETR's in the goldfish. When we used black and red stripes, the black leading edges stimulated an ETR under scotopic conditions, red leading edges stimulated an ETR under photopic conditions, and both black and red leading edges stimulated an ETR under mesopic luminance levels. For black and gray stripes, only black leading edges stimulated an ETR in all three light illumination levels. We observed less OMR and ETR results using the sine wave pattern compared to using the square wave pattern. From these results, we deduced that the goldfish tend to prefer tracking the leading edge of the pattern. The goldfish can also detect the color of the moving pattern under photopic luminance conditions. We decided that ETR is an intriguing factor in OMR, and is suitable as a method of behavioral measurement in visual system research.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.28
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• pp.14.1-14.9
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• 2013

Objectives This study was conducted to determine whether nano-sized carbon black exposure results in greater damage in high fat diet-induced overweight rats than normal weight ones and to identify the possible causes of any differences. Methods Two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats allocated by body weight (normal and overweight) were exposed to aerosolized nano-sized carbon black for 6 hours a day, 5 days per week over a 4-week period. Differential cell counts, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and albumin concentrations were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and histopathological findings in the lungs were evaluated. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured in BAL fluid and supernatants of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated lymphocyte culture. Results Rats exposed to high concentrations of nano-sized carbon black showed significantly increased (p <0.05) polymorphonuclear leukocyte number and LDH activity in the BAL fluid from both overweight and normal rats. Mild histopathological changes were observed in normal rats irrespective of carbon black concentrations. However, severe histological scores were found in overweight rats ($1.75{\pm}0.46$, $2.25{\pm}0.46$, and $2.88{\pm}0.35$ after low, medium, and high concentration exposures). Proinflammatory cytokine levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 were significantly higher in the supernatant of LPS-stimulated lymphocytes of overweight rats, whereas there was no significant difference in the BAL fluid between normal and overweight rats. Conclusions Inflammation and damage to lungs exposed to nano-sized carbon black was more severe in high fat diet-induced overweight rats compared to normal rats.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1291-1304
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• 2010

This study examined that the black dress is the one of having aesthetic value as well as symbolism while delivering specific image, from the perspective of color, which is essential element in forming design of the Stage Costume. This study carried out the theoretical research of centering on the literature consideration and the empirical research of centering on a case side by side. It analyzed the works and design based on the clothing, which had been performed in Korea with a revival version of Musical 'Chicago'. Aesthetic characteristics in more than two are being shown in one dress. If so, the following are the results that considered on aesthetics characteristics in black, which were shown in Stage Costume of Musical 'Chicago', which is increasing the theme consciousness through Stage Costume, which is simple and sexy black. First, as emotion of coming to stay in agony and sadness on the basic fact called death, the Stage Costume in black led to being shown sorrow of implying death, fear and murder. Second, the dignity, which corresponds to noble beauty in the aesthetic category, expresses dignity and elegance with flat material in black, and is revealed the aspect of expressing fashion, which emphasized spirit rather than body. Third, as the aesthetic characteristic of causing sexual desire, the sensuality was shown, which has the aspect of being expressed through exposure, concealment and emphasis. Fourth, it was expressed with androgyny, which evokes androgynous image. Fifth, black in Musical 'Chicago' formed the whole mood with a sense of weight by arranging the whole feeling with color in similar tone, thereby having been indicated the harmony of being formed with theme, which is aimed to be indicated in drama.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.425-431
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• 2015

Estrogen deficiency is associated with increased body weight and fat mass, resulting in obesity-associated complications such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and type-2 diabetes. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of black rice (Oryza sativa L.) extracts (BRE) on body weight and fat mass in ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized (or sham-operated) rats were randomly blocked into three groups (n=8~10 per group): sham operated group (S), ovariectomized control group (OVX), and ovariectomized group with BRE 30 mg/kg B.W. (BRE). High fat diet (fat calories 45%) was fed to all experimental rats for 12 weeks. Final body weight, weight gain, and body fat weight showed significant increases in the OVX group, whereas they were reduced by BRE supplementation. Serum TAG, T-chol level, and adipocyte size were not significantly different among the three groups. However, ovariectomy-induced hepatic steatosis was improved in BRE-treated group. Moreover, in the BRE group, serum leptin levels was significantly lower and fecal total lipid concentrations was significantly higher compared to the OVX group. The gathered data suggest that BRE is a potentially useful ingredient to protect against estrogen deficiency-related obesity and its related diseases.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.462-468
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• 2004

In order to evaluate adaptation to the environment in released fish, digestive organ and body composition were compared among 1-year old cultured (CUL), released (REL) and wild (WIL) Black Sea Bream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) of the REL was significantly lower than those of the CUL and WIL fish, but intestine weight index (IWI) of REL was significantly higher than those of the CUL and WIL fish. There were no significant differences in stomach weight index (SWI) and condition facto. (CF) among those different fish groups. The number of pyloric caeca of the REL and WIL fish were 4, but the $30{\%}$ of CUL fish was 3 counts. The moisture content of whole body in the WIL fish was significantly higher than the CUL and REL fish, but significant lowest in the crude lipid of whole body. The content of moisture and crude protein of dorsal muscle were no significant differences among the CUL, REL and WIL fish, but crude lipid content of WIL fish was significantly lower than the CUL and REL fish. Moisture content of CUL fish in the liver was significantly lower than the REL and WIL fish, and crude lipid was significant lowest in the WIL fish. Amino acid content of dorsal muscle in the WIL fish was highest in the total amino acid, EAA and E/A ratio, and CUL fish was highest EAA and E/A ratio in liver. EPA content in dorsal muscle of WIL fish was lower than CUL and REL fish, and the REL fish was highest in DHA content of the fatty acid. EPA content in liver of WIL fish was lower than CUL and REL fish, and DHA content in REL and WIL fish was highest and lowest. Crude protein content of CUL and WIL fish in the scale was significantly higher than REL fish, but there were no significant differences in contents of crude lipid and ash. Ca and P of scale were formed most of mineral and content of P in CUL fish was significantly higher than those of REL and WIL fish. There were no significant differences in Mg, K, Na and S of scale, but CUL fish was significantly lower than REL fish in C1. The results suggest that difference of digestive organs and body composition concluded it from differences of inhabitation environment and feed formulations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.313-318
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• 1998

This study investigated the effect of raw soybean yellow(RSY) and raw soybean black(RSB) on body weights, pancreas weights, serum glucose and lipid concentrations of boty normal and diabetic male rats(Sprague-Dawley, body weight 338.8$\pm$19.2g). For each experimental, some rats were injected with streptozotocin intraperitoneal(i.P.) to induce diabets, and other rats were injected with buffer i.P. as a control group. Body weight gain(BWG) was lower in rats fed both RSY and RSB diet(3.4~5.0g BWG) than in those fed control diet(58.1g BWG). The diabetic rats showed significant decrease of bo요 weight (-50~-67g) compared with the control rats. RSY and RSB feeding resulted in greater pancreatic weight relative to body weight, and diabetic rats fed RSY and RSB had heavier pancreatic weights relative to body weight than control rats. The levels of fasting serum glucose in diabetic rats fed both RSY and RSB decreased by 42 and 31%, respectively, compared with the diabetic control rats, but they increased by 80 and 110% compared with the normal control rats. The concentrations of total lipid, triglyceride, phospholipid and total cholesterol in serum of diabetic rats fed RSB diet were lower than those in control rats, but serum HDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio were not affected by raw soybeans feeding. Atherogenic index wa lower in diabetic rats fed RSY and RSB diet than those in control rats. The concentrations of total lipid, triglyceride and phospholipid in liver were lower in raw soybean groups than those in control group. The concentrations of cholesterol in liver of groups treated raw soybean were decreased compared with the control group.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.308-314
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• 2013

Black ginseng is produced by a repeated steaming process. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity effects of black ginseng ethanol extract (BG-EE) in high fat (HF) diet-fed mice. Two groups were fed either a normal control (NC) diet or a HF diet (45% kcal fat). The other three groups were given a HF diet supplemented with 1% BG-EE, 3% BG-EE, and 5% BG-EE for 12 wk. The anti-obesity effects of the BG-EE supplement on body weight, the development of fat mass, and lipid mechanisms were assessed in obese mice. HF-induced hyperlipidemia, fat accumulation in the liver, and white adipose tissues were reduced after BG-EE supplementation. Total fecal weight and the amount of fecal fat excretion also were increased after BG-EE supplementation. These results suggest that BG-EE may be useful to ameliorate HF-induced obesity through the strong inhibition of fat digestion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.17
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• pp.83-91
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• 1991

I observed the meaning and the symbolic charaeters about the color and style of clothes appearing at "GER GA JAP BOK GO" written by Kyu Soo Park. The black color of Hyun Eui as a ceremonial dress of man symbolizes Heaven and Virtue. The yellow color of Whang Sang as a ceremonial dress of man symbolizes the Earth and the Impartiality. The blue or black decoration line over white ground of Sim Eui as ordinary dress of man symbolizes also Filial Piety. In woman ordinary upper garment, So Eui, black texture edging with blue line implies the mutual symmetricity with her husband's. Besides, white color texture lining So Eui symbolical to a Devine Nature and Homage implies also the deep concealment of feminine body. The black ground color of child dress "Chi Po Eui" symbolizes Naivety, and the red silk color of it's decoration line, belt and tress ornaments implies the praise of the Virtue & Learning and also "Expel the Evil" of our traditional national characteristics. As described above the meaning and symbolic characters about the color and style of clothes appearing at "GER GA JAP BOK GO" has a very Chinese disposition, but it's author Kyu Soo Park modified somewhat to be in harmony with the real social situation of our Country during that latest stage of Yi Dynasty, because he was one of the prominent pragmatist at that time.