• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.100-115
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the effects of taste preference on dietary behavior and nutrient intake. The subjects were 191 female collegians in the Gyeonggi and Gangwon areas. Data were collected using anthropometric measurements, 24-hour recall, and self-administered questionnaires. The respondents were classified into sub-groups according to taste preference: sweet taste (liked and disliked group), salty taste (liked and disliked group), sour taste (liked and disliked group), hot taste (liked and disliked group), and bitter taste (liked and disliked group). The results of this study are as follows: subjects liked, in order of taste preference, hot>sweet>sour>salty>bitter tastes. There were no significant differences in height, weight, and BMI among the groups. The sweet-taste-liked group, tended to prefer Chinese food and fast foods for eating out over the sweet-taste-disliked group (p<0.05). Subjects in the salty-taste-liked group ate faster (p<0.05) and more than those in the salty-taste-disliked group (p<0.05). They also consumed more animal fat and meat (p<0.05) than their counterparts. Compared with the sour-taste-disliked group, subjects in the sour-taste-liked group tended to select Korean food or Japanese-style food for eating out, and fruits for a snack (p<0.05). The meal size of the hot-taste-liked group tended to be more regular (p<0.05) than that in the hottaste-disliked group. Overall, there were distinct differences in dietary behavior and food choices according to taste preference. Taste preference should be considered for dietary consulting and nutritional education.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2008

Taste is a critically important sense for the survival of an organism. However, structure and distribution of taste receptors were only recently investigated. Although expression of the ion channels responsible for the sense of salty taste and acidity was observed in the non-taste cells, receptors for sweet and bitter taste were only identified in taste cells. Salivary glands are involved in the sensing of taste and plays important roles in the transduction of taste. The purpose of this study is to examine whether taste receptors are present in the salivary glands and to provide clues for the investigation of the taste-salivary glands interaction. Using microarray and RT-PCR analyses, the presence of taste receptor mRNAs in the rat von Ebner gland and submandibular gland was confirmed. Type I taste receptors were preferentially expressed in von Ebner gland, whereas type II taste receptors were expressed in both von Ebner gland and submandibular gland. The tastespecific signal tranducing proteins, $G_{\alpha}gustducin$ and phospholipase C ${\beta}2$, were also detected in both salivary glands by immunohistochemistry. Finally, the activation of the calcium signal in response to bitter taste in the acinar cells was also observed. Taken together, these results suggest that taste receptors are present in the von Ebner gland and submandibular gland and that type II taste receptors are functionally active in both salivary glands.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.841-848
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• 2003

국내산 포도품종을 이용하여 G(거봉100%), M(머루100%), C(캠벨100%), GM(거봉70%+캠벨30%), GC(거봉70%+캠벨30%) 포도주를 제조하여 프랑스산 적포도주 (Cabernet Sauvignon, 1998)와 함께 색도, 향기성분, 맛, 종합평가에 관한 선호도를 순위법(ranking test)으로 측정하고, 분석적 관능평가 방법으로 평가하였다. C(캠벨)는 4.76으로 색도면에서 가장 높은 선호도를 보였으며, 다음으로는 GM(거봉+머루)이 3.94, F(프랑스)가 4.67, M(머루)이 3.70, GC(거봉+캠벨)가 2.65, G(거봉)가 1.47로 높은 선호도 순서를 보였다(p<0.001). 향기성분의 평가에서는 M이 3.94, C가 3.76, GM이 4.12, F가 3.76으로 이들은 유의적으로 가장 높은 선호도를 보였으며, 3.12를 얻은 GC와, 2.29를 얻은 C는 이들보다 낮은 선호도를 보였다(p<0.01). 맛의 평가에서는 4.75를 얻은 F와, 4.25를 얻은 C에 이어, GM이 3.37, GC가 3.50, G가 2.75, M이 2.37로 높은 선호도 순서를 보였다(p<0.001). 색도, 향기성분, 맛을 바탕으로 한 전체적인 종합 평가에서는 F가 4.81, C가 4.06, GM이 3.87로 각각 높은 선호도를 보였으며 다음으로는 3.64를 얻은 GC, 2.37을 얻은 G, 2.44를 얻은 M의 순이었다(p<0.001). 전체적인 종합평가에 가장 높은 영향을 준 인자는 맛 항목으로 69.2%를 설명할 수 있었다. 다음은 색도와 향기성분 순이었으며, 이들 세 항목으로 포도주의전체적 종합평가를 74.4% 설명할 수 있었다. 회귀분석 결과 purple과 red color는 색의 선호도를 각각 28.9%, 8.5% 설명할 수 있었으며, grape flavor는 향기성분에 관한 선호도를 14.4% 설명할 수 있었고 sweet, acid, bitter, salty taste들은 맛의 선호도를 17.3% 설명할 수 있었다. 상관관계 결과 purple과 red 항목은 각각 grape taste, floral taste와 그리고 grape, oak, flavor들과도 양의 상관관계를 보였고, grape flavor는 floral flavor, grape taste, floral taste들과 양의 상관관계를 나타냈으며(p<0.001), $SO_2$향과는 음의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.001). Sweet taste는 grape, floral flavor와 양의 상관 관계를 보였으며(p<0.001), bitter, astringency taste와는 음의 상관관계를 나타내어(p<0.01), sweet taste가 강할수록 바람직한 향기성분과 맛의 강도가 강하게 평가되었으며, 또한 이들 항목의 점수가 높을수록 선호도도 높이 평가되어 sweet taste, grape, floral flavor와 bitter, astringency taste의 조화는 적포도주의 관능적인 면에서 중요한 요소들임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2017

This study evaluated th physicochemical and sensory characteristics of teriyaki sauce added with bitter melon (Momoridaica charantia L.) roasting powder. Teriyaki sauce containing Momoridaica charantia L. roasting powder at concentration of 0% (control), 2% (RMT2), 4% (RMT4), 6% (RMT6), 8% (RMT8). Color of teriyaki sauce added with Momoridaica charantia L. roasting powder were lower than the control. The pH of the sauce ranged from $4.31{\pm}0.01{\sim}4.87{\pm}0.01$. As the amount of added Momoridaica charantia L. roasting powder was increased, total soluble solid content and viscosity of teriyaki sauce increased. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of Momoridaica charantia L. added teriyaki sauce increased. The sensory evaluation was performed with scoring test s for color, flavor, taste, bitter taste, and overall acceptability by 50 professional panelists. In sensory evaluation, teriyaki sauce added with 4% Momoridaica charantia L. roasting powder concentrate high score in sensory preference. Based on the results, 4% should be recommended as the optimum level of Momoridaica charantia L. roasting powder concentrate to be added for the preparation of teriyaki sauce.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2008

Background and Objectives : There are four kinds of formulas for invigorating the kidney to cure its asthenic syndrome based on the types of preparation formulas : Boshintang, Boshinhwan, Boshinsan, and Boshingaeng. There are 16 kinds of Boshintang, 28 kinds of Boshinhwan, 3 kinds of Boshinsan, and one kind of Boshingaeng. Combination of herbal medicines, carried out in formulas for invigorating the kidney, consists of various kinds depending on medical scientists' personal experience in medical treatment without any general principles, which makes it difficult to apply it to clinical use. The objectives of this study lie in theoretical establishment of Boshintang for curing the asthenic syndrome of kidney through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Boshintang, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical use of Boshintang. Methods : This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Boshintang based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the ${\ulcorner}$Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$ , the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's Boshintang is an even prescription, composed of 6 kinds of ingredients : No.1 Fructus Lycii (3don;11.25g), No.2 Radix Polygoni Multiflori (1don:3.75g), No.3 Sarcucarpium Corni (1don), No.4 Fructus Schisandrae (1don), No.5 Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (5poon: 1.875g), and No.6 Cortex Phellodendri (5poon) Results : There are three methods for curing the asthenic syndrome of kidney according to the five elements doctrine : invigorating the kidney, invigorating the lung and purging the spleen. First, if you suffer from the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to invigorate your kidney. There are two available methods, including taste and property invigoration according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each imply the bitter taste and the cold property invigorate the kidney. In the case of taste invigoration, two herbal medicines with bitter taste, Fructus Lycii and Radix Polygoni Multiflori, are combined into the principal and assistant herbal medicine, respectively. For property invigoration, two herbal medicines with the cold property, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Secondly, if you suffer from the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to invigorate your lung which is mother in the mother-child relationship in inter-promotion among the five elements. There are two methods to invigorate the lung, including taste and property invigoration according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. They each mean the sour taste and the cool property invigorate the lung. Therefore, it is important to use sour herbal medicines for taste invigoration and cool ones for property invigoration. Both bitter and cool herbal medicines, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri, are combined into adjuvant herbal medicines. Lastly, if you suffer from the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, you need to purge your spleen which is an element being surpassed in the relationship between the elements surpassed and ones not surpassed in inter-restraint among the five elements. There are two methods to purge the spleen, which include taste and property purgation according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines. Taste purgation means to purge the spleen with bitter taste and property purgation to purge the spleen with cool property. Therefore, it is important to use bitter herbal medicines for taste purgation and cool ones for property purgation. Both bitter and cool herbal medicines, Rhizome Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri. were combined to purge the spleen and invigorate the kidney. In addition, Rhizome Anemarrhenae and Cortex Phellodendri are combined as dispatcher herbal medicine, reinforcing the kidney energy. Conclusions : First, to cure the asthenic syndrome of the kidney, the methods of invigorating the kidney and the lung, and purging the spleen should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's Boshintang is combined according to the above theories. In conclusion, this formula was created by applying to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.751-761
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• 2016

홍삼추출물(RGE)의 쓴맛을 개선하기 위해서 증숙시 초산 처리 후 ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, ${\gamma}$-CD을 이용해서 RGE의 포접화합물을 제조하여, 전자혀 분석을 통해서 RGE-${\gamma}$-CD에 의한 쓴맛 개선효과가 가장 큰 것으로 확인하였다. 인삼의 열처리 공정에 있어 초산 처리는 $Rg_3$ 및 비극성 진세노사이드 성분 함량을 증가시킴을 알 수 있었다. 전자혀를 이용하여 ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$-CD 첨가량에 따른 쓴맛, 신맛, 짠맛, 우아미맛 및 단맛을 분석하였다. 그 결과 RGE 대비 10%의 ${\gamma}$-CD를 첨가하여 포접한 REG가 다른 처리구에 비해 쓴맛이 월등히 낮은 감응도를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.249-258
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• 2002

The fourteen different electrodes coated with polymeric lipid membrane were evaluated to selectively monitor the sweet, salty, sour and bitter tastes, and umami. The polymeric lipid membrane consisted of the three components, or polymer matrix, plasticizer and electroactive material, the compositional ratio of which was 1:1.25:1. Herein, the 14 different electroactive materials were used. Sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, caffeine and MSG were used as standard materials of sweet, salty, sour and bitter tastes, and umami. The linear responses of each electrode regarding 5 tastes were analyzed by means of the correlation coefficient between electric potential difference and concentration of a taste material when the linearity was based on a linear model and a thermodynamic model, respectively. As fur salty taste, the electrode coated with valinomycin had a selective linearity at the significance level of 0.01. For monitoring sweet taste, the electrode with oleylamine and the electrode with the mixture of tai-n-octylmethylammonium chloride and dioctylphosphate (2:8) showed the significant linearities at the levels of 0.05 and 0.10, respectively.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2012

The nasal cavity encounters various irritants during inhalation such as dust and pathogens. To detect and remove these irritants, it has been postulated that the nasal mucosa epithelium has a specialized sensing system. The oral cavity, on the other hand, is known to have bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) that can detect harmful substances to prevent ingestion. Recently, solitary chemosensory cells expressing T2R subtypes have been found in the respiratory epithelium of rodents. In addition, T2Rs have been identified in the human airway epithelia. However, it is not clear which T2Rs are expressed in the human nasal mucosa epithelium and whether they mediate the removal of foreign materials through increased cilia movement. In our current study, we show that human T2R receptors indeed function also in the nasal mucosa epithelium. Our RT-PCR data indicate that the T2R subtypes (T2R3, T2R4, T2R5, T2R10, T2R13, T2R14, T2R39, T2R43, T2R44, T2R 45, T2R46, T2R47, T2R48, T2R49, and T2R50) are expressed in human nasal mucosa. Furthermore, we have found that T2R receptor activators such as bitter chemicals augments the ciliary beating frequency. Our results thus demonstrate that T2Rs are likely to function in the cleanup of inhaled dust and pathogens by increasing ciliary movement. This would suggest that T2Rs are feasible molecular targets for the development of novel treatment strategies for nasal infection and inflammation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.176-180
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• 1986

electrogustometer를 이용한 19세에서 23세의 건강한 한국 여대생의 사원미 미각역치에 대하여 다음과 같은 실험 결과를 얻었다. 1. 혀의 부위별 평균 미각역치는 시료처리 전에 단맛부위 $7.5{\mu}A$, 짠맛부위 $19.6{\mu}A$, 신맛부위 $23.5{\mu}A$, 쓴맛부위 $18.4{\mu}A$, 중앙부위 $50.7{\mu}A$로 보여 주었다. 2. 단일 시료처리 후의 단맛, 신맛, 쓴맛물질은 미뢰감도가 상승했음에 비해 짠맛 물질은 감소했으며, 복합 시료처리후의 경우는 혀의 각 부위의 미뢰감도와 비슷하였으며 단일 시료처리에 비해 중앙 부위가 예민 하였다. 3. 혀의 부위별 좌우차는 통계적으로 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 4. 전기미각의 미질에는 사원미가 모두 표현되었고, 금속맛, 신맛, 짠맛, 쓴맛등을 느낀 예가 전체의 약 90%을 차지했다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.499-508
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the qualities of muffins with 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% bitter melon powder. The specific gravity of muffins prepared by adding bitter melon powder was higher than that of the control group. The height of the control group was higher than that of the samples with bitter melon powder. The weight of muffins was not significantly different between all sample groups. The volume and specific loaf volume of muffins were decreased by the addition of bitter melon powder. The baking loss rate of muffins was not significantly different between all sample groups. The moisture content of the samples with bitter melon powder was higher but the pH of muffins was lower than those of the control group. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the control group was 26.86%, whereas the samples with bitter melon powder ranged from 41.35~74.91%. In crumb color, the L value was decreased, but a and b value were increased significantly by the addition of bitter melon powder. The hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and brittleness of textural properties of muffins were significantly decreased by the addition of bitter melon powder. Sensory evaluation scores in terms of appearance, flavor, taste, texture and overall preference of groups with 3% and 6% of bitter melon powder did not show any significant difference when compared to the control group. Based on the above results, using less than 6% of the bitter melon powder would be proper to make muffins.