• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the difference in species of test fish on the determination of short-term bioconcentration factor in zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio), red sword tail(Xiphophorus hellieri) and goldfish(Carassius auratus). Experimental concentrations of carbamates were 0.05 and 0.10 ppm and chlorothalonil were 0.005 and 0.01 ppm for 3 and 5 days, respectively. This paper reports the measured BCF value on pesticides in various species of test fish, under steady state, and examined correlation between the BCF value and depuration rate constant or LC$_{50}$ or lipid content. Carbamates and chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCF of carbamate and chlorothalonil were increased as incresing test concentration. Carbamates concentration in fish extract and BCF of carbamate were decreased as incresing test period, but chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCF of chlorothalonil were increased as prolonging test period. Determined pesticide concentration in fish extract and BCF were highest in red sword tail, and followed by goldfish, and zebrafish. Determined depuration rate constant were highest in zebrafish, and followed by goldfish, and red sword tail. 96hr-LC$_{50}$ were highest in red sword tail, and followed by zebrafish, and goldfish. Lipid compositions were highest in red sword tail, and followed by goldfish, and zebrafish. Therefore, it is suggested that the difference of BCF between each pesticide due to those of lipid composition of fish and deputation rate constant, while LC$_{50}$ have no effect on BCF.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제61권2호
• /
• pp.191-194
• /
• 2018

국내 주요 식량작물인 벼에서의 잔류성 유기오염물질 잔류평가는 인체 위해성 평가에서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 과불소화합물 중 perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)와 perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)의 잔류평가를 벼의 부위별 흡수이행성을 조사하여 수행하였다. 벼는 저농도 오염처리구($1mg\;kg^{-1}$)와 고농도 오염처리구($5mg\;kg^{-1}$)에서 재배 후 현미, 왕겨, 볏짚으로 나누어 잔류량을 조사하였고, 시험결과 현미의 과불소화합물 흡수이행성(0.002-0.006)이 다른 부위에 비해 가장 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 잔류수준은 볏짚에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 다음으로 왕겨와 현미 순이었고, 볏짚의 PFOA와 PFOS의 생물농축계수는 최대 1.474와 4.700으로 확인되었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 2000

Zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio)를 실험어류로 하여 phosphamidon과 profenofos의 생물농축계수(bioconcentration factor: BCF)와 배설속도상수(depuration rate constant) 및 LC$_{50}$를 측정하였다. Phosphamidon의 24, 48, 72, 96시간 LC50 모두 l00 mg/l 이상으로 측정되었다. Phosphamidon 1 mg/l(고농도)와 0.2 mg/l(저농도)에서 어류 체내에서의 농축정도는 두 농도군에서 각각 12시간 이후에 정류상태에 도달하여 168시간동안 거의 일정하였고, BCF값도 12시간에서 16시간 사이에 고농도(0.89, n=7)와 저농도(0.96, n=7)모두 1미만으로 낮게 나타났다. Phosphamidon의 배설속도상수는 고농도와 저농도에서 각각 0.21 h-1과 0.18 h-1 이었고, 반감기는 각각 3.30및 3.85시간으로 측정되었다. 고농도와 저농도에서 각각 12시간 및 8시간 이후에는 g당 0.07 및 0.04 $\mu\textrm{g}$이하로 떨어져 대부분 배설된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Profenofos의 24, 48, 72, 96시간 LC50는 각각 2.9, 2.6, 2.2, 2.O mg/l로 측정되었다. Profenofos의 96시간 LC$_{50}$ 농도의 1/100농도(0.02 mg/l)와 1/500농도(0.004 mg/l)에서 어류체내에서의 농축정도는 phosphamidon과 마찬가지로 12시간 이후에 정류상태에 도달하여 168시간동안 거의 일정하였고, BCF값은 12시간에서 168시간 사이에 96시간 LC$_{50}$농도의 1/100농도와 1/500농도에서 각각 111.3(n=7)과 141.9(n=7)로 측정되었다. Profenofos의 배설속도상수는 96시간 LC50 농도의 1/100농도와 1/500농도에서 각각 0.10 $h^{-1}$과 0.09$h^{-1}$h-1이었고, 반감기는 각각 6.93 및 7.70시간으로 측정되었다. 각각의 농도에서 12시간 및 8시간 이후에는 g당 0.19$\mu\textrm{g}$ 및 0.18$\mu\textrm{g}$이하로 떨어짐을 알 수 있었다. Phosphamidon과 profenofos의 급성어독성은 profenofos가 높았고, BCF profenofos가 phosphamidon보다 약 100배 정도 높게 나타났으며, 배설속도는 phosphamidon이 profenofos보다 약 2배 정도 빨랐다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 2008

It has been observed that the linear relationship between the logarithm of bioconcentration factor (log BCF) of highly hydrophobic chemicals and their log $K_{ow}$ breaks when log $K_{ow}$ becomes greater than 6.0. Consequently, super hydrophobic chemicals were not thought to cause baseline toxicity as a single compound. Researchers often call this phenomenon as "hydrophobicity cutoff" meaning that bioconcentration or corresponding baseline toxicity has a certain cutoff at high log $K_{ow}$ value of hydrophobic organic pollutants. The underlying assumption is that the increased molecular size with increasing hydrophobicity prohibits highly hydrophobic compounds from crossing biological membranes. However, there are debates among scientists about mechanisms and at which log $K_{ow}$ this phenomenon occurs. This paper reviews three hypotheses to explain observed "cutoff": steric effects, kinetic or physiological limitations, and chemical activity cutoff. Although the critical molecular size that makes biological membranes not permeable to hydrophobic organic chemicals is uncertain, size effects in combination with kinetic limitation would explain observed non-linearity between log BCF and log $K_{ow}$. Chemical activity of hydrophobic chemicals generally decreases with increasing melting point at their aqueous solubility. Thus, there may be a chemical activity cutoff of baseline toxicity if there is a critical chemical activity over which baseline effects can be observed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.30-36
• /
• 2002

제초제 butachlor의 어류농축 계수를 결정하기 위하여 동위원소 표지화합물과 비표지 화합물을 사용하여 송사리 체내에서의 농축시험을 수행하였다. 비표지 화합물을 사용하였을 때 송사리 체내에서의 butachlor농축은 0.036ppm농도에서 40시간 경과 후 가장 높은 어류생체 중 296의 생체 농도/수중 농도$(C_f/C_w)$ 비율을 보였고, 64시간 이후부터는 평형상태에 이르렀으며, 이 때의 bioconcentration factor(BCF)는 87이었다. 또한, 0.0036 ppm도에서는 18시간 경과 후 가장 높게 축적되어 $C_f/C_w$의 비율이 169였고, 60시간 이후에는 평형상태에 도달하여 BCF 값은 51이었으며, 이 두 농도로부터 결정된 BCF 값은 $69{\pm}28$이었다. $^{14}C-butachlor$의 송사리 체내에서의 농축 및 배설은 총 $^{14}C$를 기준으로 하였을 때 17시간 경과 후 가장 높은 539 $C_f/C_w$의 비율을 나타내었고, 74시간 이후부터는 평형상태에 이르러 BCF는 394로 계산되었다. 그러나 14C-butachlor의 양만을 고려했을 때 $C_f/C_w$의 비율은 총 흡수량의 1/3이었고, 2/3은 $^{14}C-butachlor$의 대사물 이었으며, 평형상태에서의 $^{14}C-butachlor$의 BCF는 334로 계산되었다. 또한, 송사리 체내로부터의 $^{14}C-butachlor$의 배설은 12시간 이내에 50% 이상이, 30시간이 되면서 90% 이상이 배설되었다. 생체 내에서의 대사물은 아주 극성이 강한 대사물들로서 TLC상에서 $R_f$이 0.43인 대사물 M-II와 $R_f$값이 0.7인 대사물 M-III로 확인되었고, 신선한 사육수로 어체내 대사산물을 배설시켰을 때 $R_f$ 값이 0.25인 대사물 M-I을 확인하였다. M-I은 어체내에서 배출되는 과정중의 주요한 중간 대사물 임을 예상할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.80-89
• /
• 1994

It was reported that BCF's (Bioconcentration Factor) on Carbaryl and BPMC in concentration of 1, 2, 5 and 10 ppm, previously. Carassius auratus(goldfish) was chosen as test organism. Carbamates in fish and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detecting and quantitating of Carbamates. Also, partition coefficients were determined with Stir flask method. To evaluate environmental toxicological profiles of tested compounds, experimental concentration were 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 ppm in contrast to previous report. It was considered that higher BCFs of BPMC due to its higher partition coefficient compared to Carbaryl. The obtained results were as follows: 1. It was possible to determine short term BCF of Carbaryl and BPMC through relatively simple procedure in environmental concentrations. 2. BCF$_3$ of Carbaryl in concentration of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 ppm were 4.666 $\pm$ 0.002, 3.622 $\pm$ 0.004, 1.200 $\pm$ 0.002 and BCF$_5$ were 3.897 $\pm$ 0.005, 4.219 $\pm$ 0.017 and 1.186 $\pm$ 0.054, respectively. In the case of BPMC in same condition, BCF$_3$ were 4.077 $\pm$ 0.014, 4.900 $\pm$ 0.005, 4.750 $\pm$ 0.009 and BCF$_5$ were 3.465 $\pm$ 0.010, 4.612 $\pm$ 0.011 and 4.075 $\pm$ 0.012, respectively. 3. Carbaryl concentration in fish extract was increased as increasing test concentration, but BCF were decreased as prolonging test period, especially dropped at 0.5 ppm. 4. In the case of BPMC, BCF were decreased as increasing test concentration, but the concentration in fish extract of 3-day test group was slightly higher than that of 5-day test group. 5. Higher BPMC concentration in fish extract was due to its higher partition coefficient to compared with Carbaryl. 6. Determined logP of Carbaryl and BPMC were 2.200 and 3.180. But the calculated BCF using suggested equation was so different that predict BCF. It is suggested that BCF's of Carbamates have to be determined by experiment.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 1994

Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) is known as important criteria for ecotoxicology on hazardous chemicals. But there is no standard method for determining BCF and reported BCFs were slightly different in accordance with authors. This study was performed with aims to determine BCFs on BPMC and Carbaryl. Carassius auratus(goldfish) be chosen as test organism and test period were 3-day, 5-day and 10-day. Extract solvents were n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detecting carbamates. The obtained results were as follows: 1. It was possible to determine short term BCF$_s$ of Carbaryl or BPMC through relatively simple procedure. 2. BCF$_3$ of Carbaryl in concentration of 1, 2, 5, 10 ppm were 0.34 $\pm$ 0.06, 0.18 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.10 $\pm$ 0.01, 0.06 $\pm$ 0.01 respectively. BCF$_5$ of Carbaryl were 0.34 $\pm$ 0.05, 0.18 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.13 $\pm$ 0.01 and 0.07 $\pm$ 0.01, BCF$_{10}3$ of Carbaryl were 0.45 $\pm$ 0.05, 0.27 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.16 $\pm$ 0.02 and 0.09 $\pm$ 0.01. BCF$_3$ of BPMC in concentration of 1, 2, 5 ppm were 4.66 $\pm$ 0.17, 2.64 $\pm$ 0.49, 1.88 $\pm$ 0.24 respectively. BCF$_5$ of BPMC were 4.09 $\pm$ 0.50, 2.42 $\pm$ 0.37 and 1.83 $\pm$ 0.15. 3. BCF$_s$ of BPMC were decreased as increasing concentration. However, BPMC concentration in fish were increased in contrast to BCF. But more concentrated BPMC was found in fish 3-day test than found concentration in fish 5-day test. 4. Same trend appeared in Carbaryl. BCF$_s$ of Carbaryl were decreased as increasing concentration and prolonging test period. But found Carbaryl concentration in fish were increased. 5. BCF$_s$ of BPMC were higher than that of Carbaryl by 10 times, in spite of the physicochemical properties of the two carbamates were similar to each other. Further study is recommended to find out the reason of the difference.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국환경독성학회 2002년도 추계국제학술대회
• /
• pp.154-154
• /
• 2002

Benzoyl peroxide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 1,375 tons/year in Korea as of 2001 survey. The substance is mainly used as initiators in polymerization, catalysts in the plastics industry, bleaching agents for flour and medication for acne vulgaris. The substance is one of seven chemicals of which human health and environmental risks are being assessed by National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) under the frame of OECD SIDS Program. In this study, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) is used for getting adequate information on the physical-chemical property and the environmental fate of this chemical. For the assessment of benzoyl peroxide, models such as MPBPWIN for vapor pressure, KOWWIN for octanol/water partition coefficient, HENRYWIN for Henry's Law constant, AOPWIN for photolysis and BCFWN for bioconcentration factor (BCF) were used. These (Q)SAR model programmes were worked by using the SHILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) notations. The physical-chemical properties and the environmental fate of benzoyl peroxide were estimated as followed : vapor pressure =0.00929 Pa, Log Kow = 3.43, Henry's Law constant = 0.00000354 atm-㎥/mole at 25 $^{\circ}C$, the half-life of photodegradation = 3 days, bioconcentration factor (BCF) = 92

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.224-230
• /
• 2013

퍼클로레이트의 인체 노출경로 중 식품섭취로 인한 노출경로가 전체 노출경로의 대부분을 차지하고 있음에도 불구하고 국내에서는 식품에 대한 연구가 미비한 상태이다. 또한, 국내 오염물질에 대한 국내산 토양으로부터 농산물로의 생물농축계수에 대한 데이터베이스가 미흡한 상태이므로 데이터베이스 체계 구축을 위한 연구도 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 퍼클로레이트 계수 산출을 위해 농산물이 재배된 토양을 함께 채취하여 농산물과 토양에 대한 각각의 퍼클로레이트 함량을 조사하고 그 결과를 이용해 생물농축계수 및 위해 평가를 실시하였다. 그 결과 농산물 각 그룹별 퍼클로레이트의 평균함량이 곡류 2.70, 과일류 1.43, 채소류 $10.32{\mu}g/kg$으로 녹색 채소류에서 가장 높은 함량이 조사되었으며, 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과 값은 기존의 국내 외 연구 결과 값과 비슷한 값을 나타내는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 토양의 경우 곡류 8.38, 과일류 1.01, 채소류 $5.20{\mu}g/kg$의 함량이 조사되었다. 이렇게 얻어진 농산물과 토양의 결과를 이용해 토양에서 농산물로의 퍼클로레이트 생물농축계수를 산출한 결과 깻잎(37.88) > 옥수수(21.51) > 시금치(10.57) > 귤(4.39) > 부추(2.89) > 호박(1.90) 순으로 채소류에서 높은 생물농축계수를 나타냈다. 실제 토양에서는 농산물마다 흡수이행 되는 패턴이 다르기 때문에 퍼클로레이트의 전이 매커니즘 규명 등에 관한 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 또한 실제 퍼클로레이트가 함유된 농산물을 섭취하였을 경우 퍼클로레이트에 대한 인체 노출량을 조사한 결과, 곡류, 채소류, 과일류 모두 2세 미만 그리고 3~6세의 영유아 그룹에서 높은 노출량을 확인할 수 있었으며 곡류, 과일류, 채소류 모두 1이하로 안전한 수준이기는 하나 곡류, 과일류, 채소류 대부분이 영유아 그룹에서 높은 노출량을 나타내고 있으므로 취약계층에 대한 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제49권5호
• /
• pp.665-670
• /
• 2016

A three-dimensional ecological model (EMT-3D) was used to simulate the behavior of PFOA in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that partition rate, adsorption rate, and settling rate were important factors in the variation in PFOA in particulate organic matter. Bioconcentration was the most significant factor for PFOA in phytoplankton, with the largest effect size. These parameters must therefore be carefully considered when modeling PFOA behavior. In simulations, 30% and 50% reductions in loads from land-based sources of PFOA resulted in concentrations of dissolved PFOA lower than 4 ng/L and 2 ng/L, respectively, in the central part of the bay.