• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.223-237
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of bone graft materials including deproteinized bovine bone(DBB), demineralized freeze-dried bone(DFDB), freeze-dried bone(FDB) on bone formation in guided bone regeneration using perforated titanium membrane(TM). 16 adult male rabbits(mean BW 2kg) were used in this study and 4 rabbits allotted to each test group. Intramarrow penetration(diameter 6.5mm) was done with round carbide bur on calvaria to promote blood supply and clot formation in the wound area. The test groups were devided into 4 groups as follows: TM only(test 1), TM +DBB(test 2), TM +DFDB(test 3), TM +FDB(test 4). Perforated titanium membrane was contoured in rectangular parallelepiped shape(0.5mm pore diameter, 10mm in one side, 2mm in inner height), filled the each graft material and placed on the decorticated carvaria. Perforated titanium membrane was fixed with resorbable suture materials. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 8 weeks after the surgery. Non-decalcified preparations were routinely processed for histologic analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Perforated titanium membrane was biocompatible. 2. Perforated titanium membrane had capability of maintaining the space during the healing period but invasion of soft tissue through the perforations of titanium membrane decreased the space available for bone formation. 3. In test 1 group without bone graft material, the amount of bone formation and bone maturation was better than other test groups. 4. Among the graft materials, the effect of freeze-dried bone on bone formation was best. 5. In the test groups using deproteinized bovine bone, demineralized freeze-dried bone, bone formation was a little. The spacemaking capability of the membrane may be crucial for bone formation. The combined treatment with the perforated titanium membrane and deproteinized bovine bone or demineralized freeze-dried bone failed to demonstrate any added effect in the bone formation. Minimization of size and numbers of perforations of titanium membrane or use of occlusive titanium membrane might be effective to acquire predictable results in the vertical bone formation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.581-591
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• 2004

Calcium carbonate(CC) is biocompatible and gradually absorb to be replaced by bone when implanted into bone tissue. Fibrin-fibronectin sealant system (FFSS) is a product of human-derived plasma. The effect is hemostasis, tissue fixation and adhesion, We expect synergic effects of this two materials in periodontal regeneration. When FFSS was grafted with bone graft in intrabony defects, could be eliminated exofolication of bone graft materials. This study evaluated above materials for periodontal regeneration of 6mm intrabony defects in 36 patients. lap surgery was carried in 14 defects of control group. experimental group 1 was 11 defects grafted with calcium carbonate, experimental group 2 was 11 defects which were grafted with calcium carbonate with FFSS. The clinical parameters evaluated included changes in attachment level, probing depth, gingival recession at 6 months. Postsurgery probing depth reduction was 3.1 ${\pm}$ 0.9mm in control, 3.8 ${\pm}$ 1.6mm in experimental group 1, 4.1 ${\pm}$ 1.1mm in experimental group 2. The result clinically and statistically improved compared to baseline(P<0.01), but the difference found among the groups were not statistically significant. Postsurgery clinical attachment level was 1.6 ${\pm}$ 1.2mm in control, 3.5 ${\pm}$ 2.0mm in experimental group 1, 3.3 ${\pm}$ 1.2mm in experimental group 2. All of the control and experimental groups resulted in a statistically significant reduction from baseline(P<0.01). The reduction of the experimental groups were statistically significant from control(P<0.05). But the change between experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 was not statistically significant. We conclude that mixture of CC and FFSS is effective to periodontal regeneration in intrabony defect.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2008

Purpose: Periodontal intrabony defects have great deal of importance since they contribute to the development of periodontal disease. Current treatment regimens for intrabony defects involve grafting of numerous bony materials, GTR using biocompatible barriers, and biomodification of root surface that will encourage the attachment of connective tissue. Xenograft using deproteinized bovine bone particles seems to be very convenient to adjust because it doesn't require any donor sites or imply the danger of cross infections. These particles are similar to human cancellous bone in structure and turned out to be effective in bone regeneration in vivo. We here represent the effectiveness of grafting deproteinized bovine bone particles in intrabony defect and furcation involvements that have various numbers of bony walls. Materials and methods: Open flap debridement was done to remove all root accretions and granulation tissue from the defects within persisting intrabony lesions demonstrating attachment loss of over 6mm even 3 months after nonsurgical periodontal therapy have been completed. Deproteinized bovine bone particles($BBP^{(R)}$, Oscotec, Seoul) was grafted in intrabony defects to encourage bone regeneration. Patients were instructed of mouthrinses with chlorohexidine-digluconate twice a day and to take antibiotics 2-3 times a day for 2 weeks. They were check-up regularly for oral hygiene performance and further development of disease. Probing depth, level of attachment and mobility were measured at baseline and 6 months after the surgery. The radiographic evidence of bone regenerations were also monitored at least for 6 months. Conclusion: In most cases, radio-opacities increased after 6 months. 2- and 3-wall defects showed greater improvements in pocket depth reduction when compared to 1-wall defects. Class I & II furcation involvements in mandibular molars demonstrated the similar results with acceptable pocket depth both horizontally and vertically comparable to other intrabony defects. Exact amount of bone gain could not be measured as the re-entry procedure has not been available. With in the limited data based on our clinical parameter to measure pocket depth reduction following $BBP^{(R)}$ grafts, it was comparable to the results observed following other regeneration techniques such as GTR.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.238-250
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility and the mechanical properties of ultraviolet (UV) cross-linked and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)-added collagen membranes and to compare the clinical results of ridge preservation to those obtained using chemically cross-linked collagen membranes. Methods: The study comprised an in vitro test and a clinical trial for membrane evaluation. BCP-added collagen membranes with UV cross-linking were prepared. In the in vitro test, scanning electron microscopy, a collagenase assay, and a tensile strength test were performed. The clinical trial involved 14 patients undergoing a ridge preservation procedure. All participants were randomly divided into the test group, which received UV cross-linked membranes (n=7), and the control group, which received chemically cross-linked membranes (n=7). BCP bone substitutes were used for both the test group and the control group. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were performed and alginate impressions were taken 1 week and 3 months after surgery. The casts were scanned via an optical scanner to measure the volumetric changes. The results were analyzed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The fastest degradation rate was found in the collagen membranes without the addition of BCP. The highest enzyme resistance and the highest tensile strength were found when the collagen-to-BCP ratio was 1:1. There was no significant difference in dimensional changes in the 3-dimensional modeling or CBCT scans between the test and control groups in the clinical trial (P>0.05). Conclusions: The addition of BCP and UV cross-linking improved the biocompatibility and the mechanical strength of the membranes. Within the limits of the clinical trial, the sites grafted using BCP in combination with UV cross-linked and BCP-added collagen membranes (test group) did not show any statistically significant difference in terms of dimensional change compared with the control group.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.475-479
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• 2011

키토산은 천연고분자 물질로 다양한 물리화학적(다중양이온, 반응성 수산화기와 아미노기 그룹), 생물학적(생리활성, 생체적합성, 생분해성) 특성을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 겔형성제로 폴리감마글루탐산을 이용하여 키토산 나노입자를 제조하였다. 나노입자는 폴리감마글루탐산의 카르복실기($-COO^-$)와 키토산의 아미노기($-NH_3^+$)사이의 이온 상호작용에 의해 형성되었다. 키토산(0.1~1 g)을 100 ml 아세트산 용액(1% v/v)에 첨가한 후 상온에서 충분히 용해되도록 하룻밤 동안 교반하였다. 폴리감마글루탐산(0.1 g)은 상온에서 90 ml 증류수에 용해시켰다. 교반되고 있는 폴리감마글루탐산 용액에 키토산 용액을 주사바늘을 통해 상온에서 적가하였다. 입자의 평균 크기는 80~300 nm 범위에서 형성되었다. 키토산/폴리감마글루탐산 나노입자는 중금속 이온들($Cd^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Ni^{2+}$)의 제거를 위해 콜로이드 상태의 흡착 물질로 사용되었다. 나노입자의 중금속 제거 능력은 $Cu^{2+}$ > $Pb^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ > $Ni^{2+}$ > $Zn^{2+}$의 결과를 보였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.145-157
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• 2000

Cytotoxic substances in dental calculus and root cementum of periodontally diseased teeth inhibit new attachment and regeneration. The purpose of scaling and root planing is to remove pathologic structures harboring these cytotoxic substances in order to create a biologically acceptable root surface. However, these procedures inevitably leave a non-biocompatible smear layer. Conventionally, the smear layer has been removed with low pH etching agents such as citric acid, phosphoric acid and tetracycline hydrochloride(TC). Lately, a supersaturated neutral pH etching solution of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) has been found to be as effective as low pH etchants with respect to smear removal and to be superior in exposing root surfaceassociated collagen. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of root surface treatment using EDTA on the initial attachment of human gingival fibroblasts. 27 human teeth, extracted due to severe periodontitis, were cut into dentin slices after root planing. The specimens were divided into TC group(treated with $50㎎/m{\ell}$ tetracycline-HCl, pH 1.52), EDTA group(treated with 17% EDTA, pH 7.4), and non-treated control group. After sterilization, 5th subcultured human gingival fibroblasts were seeded in each culture well containing a prepared root slice and incubated for 15 min., 60 min., and 4 hours in 5% $CO_2$ incubator at $37^{\circ}C$. At each incubation time, the number of attached fibroblasts were counted on the microphotographs taken at a magnification of x100. The difference of the number of attached cells between groups was statistically analyzed by the ANOVA followed by Duncan test in SPSS/PC＋programs. The results were as follows : 1. After incubation for 15 min, the attached cells were significantly more in EDTA group and TC group than non-treated control group(p<0.05), but there was no significance in the difference between EDTA group and TC group(p>0.1). 2. After incubation for 60 min and 4 hours, there was no significant difference in the number of attached cells between all groups(p>0.1). 3. In both EDTA group and TC group, there was no significant difference in the number of attached cells between different incubation(p>0.1). But in control group, the number of attached cells was significantly increased after incubation for 60 min, compared with incubation for 15 min(p<0.05). The above results suggest that root surface treatment using EDTA could enhance the initial attachment of gingival fibroblasts to root surface as effective as tetracycline-HCl.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.335-343
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• 2005

Inorganic bovine bone mineral has been widely researched as bone substitution materials in orthopedic and oral and maxillofacial application. OCS-B(NIBEC, Korea) is newly-developed inorganic bovine bone mineral. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of bovine bone-derived bone graft material(OCS-B). Micro-structure of newly-developed inorganic bovine bone mineral(OCS-B) was analyzed by scanning electron microscope(SEM). Round cranial defects with eight mm diameter were made and filled with OCS-B in rabbits. OCS-B was inserted into femoral quadrant muscle in mouse. In scanning electron microscope, OCS-B was equal to natural hydroxyapatite. Rabbits were sacrificed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after surgery and mice were sacrificed at 1 week and 2 weeks after surgery. Decalcified specimens were prepared and observed by microscope. In calvarial defects, osteoid and new bone were formed in the neighborhood of OCS-B at 2 weeks after surgery. And at 4 weeks after surgery osteoid and new bone bridge formed flourishingly. No inflammatory cells were seen on the surface of OCS-B at 1 week and 2 weeks in mouse experimental group. It is concluded that newly-developed inorganic bovine bone mineral(OCS-B) is a flourishing bone-forming material and biocompatible material.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.59-63
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• 2012

Purpose: This study evaluated the surface characteristics and bond strength produced using a novel technique for coating hydroxyapatite (HA) onto titanium implants. Methods: HA was coated on the titanium implant surface using a super-high-speed (SHS) blasting method with highly purified HA. The coating was performed at a low temperature, unlike conventional HA coating methods. Coating thickness was measured. The novel HA-coated disc was fabricated. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed directly on the disc to evaluate crystallinity. Four novel HA-coated discs and four resorbable blast medium (RBM) discs were prepared. Their surface roughnesses and areas were measured. Five puretitanium, RBM-treated, and novel HA-coated discs were prepared. Contact angle was measured. Two-way analysis of variance and the post-hoc Scheffe's test were used to analyze differences between the groups, with those with a probability of P<0.05 considered to be statistically significant. To evaluate exfoliation of the coating layer, 7 sites on the mandibles from 7 mongrel dogs were used. Other sites were used for another research project. In total, seven novel HA-coated implants were placed 2 months after extraction of premolars according to the manufacturer's instructions. The dogs were sacrificed 8 weeks after implant surgery. Implants were removed using a ratchet driver. The surface of the retrieved implants was evaluated microscopically. Results: A uniform HA coating layer was formed on the titanium implants with no deformation of the RBM titanium surface microtexture when an SHS blasting method was used. Conclusions: These HA-coated implants exhibited increased roughness, crystallinity, and wettability when compared with RBM implants.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.871-879
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bone regeneration of novel biodegradable amorphous calcium phosphate. Materials and Method: An 8-mm, calvarial, critical-size osteotomy defect was created in each of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats(weight $250{\sim}300g$). The animals were divided into two groups of 10 animals each and allowed to heal for 2 weeks(10 rats). The first group was the control group and the other group was the experimental group which received the novel biodegradable calcium phosphate. Results: The healing of the calvarium in the control group was uneventful. The histologic results showed little bone formation in the control group. The experimental group which received the novel biodegradable calcium phosphate showed a normal wound healing. There were a lot of new bone formation around the biomaterial in 2 weeks. The bone formation increased in 8 weeks when compared to 2 weeks and there was a significant bone increase as well(P<0.01). The nobel biodegradable calcium phosphate showed statistical significance when compared to the control group (P<0.05). The novel biodegradable calcium phosphate in 8 weeks showed a significant increase in bone formation when compared to 2 weeks $(40.4{\pm}1.6)$(%). The biodegradable calcium phosphate which is made from mixing calcium phosphate glass(CPG), NaCO and NaOH solution, is biocompatible, osteoconductive and has a high potency of bone formation. Conclusion: We can conclude that the novel biodegradable calcium phosphate can be used as an efficient bone graft material for its biodegradability and osteoconductivity.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.14-27
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• 2020

Purpose: To overcome several drawbacks of chemically-crosslinked collagen membranes, modification processes such as ultraviolet (UV) crosslinking and the addition of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) to collagen membranes have been introduced. This study evaluated the efficacy and biocompatibility of BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane for guided bone regeneration (GBR) in a rabbit calvarial model. Methods: Four circular bone defects (diameter, 8 mm) were created in the calvarium of 10 rabbits. Each defect was randomly allocated to one of the following groups: 1) the sham control group (spontaneous healing); 2) the M group (defect coverage with a BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane and no graft material); 3) the BG (defects filled with BCP particles without membrane coverage); and 4) the BG+M group (defects filled with BCP particles and covered with a BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane in a conventional GBR procedure). At 2 and 8 weeks, rabbits were sacrificed, and experimental defects were investigated histologically and by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Results: In both micro-CT and histometric analyses, the BG and BG+M groups at both 2 and 8 weeks showed significantly higher new bone formation than the control group. On micro-CT, the new bone volume of the BG+M group (48.39±5.47 ㎣) was larger than that of the BG group (38.71±2.24 ㎣, P=0.032) at 8 weeks. Histologically, greater new bone area was observed in the BG+M group than in the BG or M groups. BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane did not cause an abnormal cellular reaction and was stable until 8 weeks. Conclusions: Enhanced new bone formation in GBR can be achieved by simultaneously using bone graft material and a BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane, which showed high biocompatibility and resistance to degradation, making it a biocompatible alternative to chemically-crosslinked collagen membranes.