• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2007

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a nitrosamine compound that can induce a variety of liver lesions including hepatic carcinoma, forming DNA-carcinogen adducts. In the present study, microarray analyses were performed with Affymetrix Murine Genome 430A Array in order to identify the gene-expression profiles for DEN and to provide valuable information for the evaluation of potential hepatotoxicity. C57BL/6NCrj mice were orally administered once with DEN at doses of 0, 3, 7 and 20 mg/kg. Liver from each animal was removed 2, 4, 8 and 24 hrs after the administration. The histopathological analysis and serum biochemical analysis showed no significant difference in DEN-treated groups compared to control group. Conversely, the principal component analysis (PCA) profiles demonstrated that a specific normal gene expression profile in control groups differed clearly from the expression profiles of DEN-treated groups. Within groups, a little variance was found between individuals. Student's t-test on the results obtained from triplicate hybridizations was performed to identify those genes with statistically significant changes in the expression. Statistical analysis revealed that 11 genes were significantly downregulated and 28 genes were upregulated in all three animals after 2 h treatment at 20 mg/kg. The upregulated group included genes encoding Gdf15, JunD1, and Mdm2, while the genes including Sox6, Shmt2, and SIc6a6 were largely down regulated. Hierarchical clustering of gene expression also allowed the identification of functionally related clusters that encode proteins related to metabolism, and MAPK signaling pathway. Taken together, this study suggests that match with a toxicant signature can assign a putative mechanism of action to the test compound if is established a database containing response patterns to various toxic compounds.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2007

TLRs는 병원균이 숙주의 몸 속에 들어 왔을 때, 병원균들이 가지고 있는 독특한 구조를 인식하여 선천성 면역반응과 뒤이어 후천성 면역반응을 유도하는 중요한 역할을 한다. 우리는 이번 실험을 통하여 curcumin이 선행연구에서 밝혀낸 TLR4 뿐만 아니라 TLR2와 TLR6 그리고 TLR3를 또한 분자학적인 타깃으로 할 수 있다는 것을 알아내었다. Curcumin이 MALP-2(TLR2,6 agonist)에 의해서 유도된 IRAK-1 degradation을 억제시켰다. 이러한 결과는 curcumin의 분자학적인 타깃이 IRAK-1위에 놓여 있으며, TLR2와 TLR6가 될 것이라는 가능성을 제시해 준다고 할 수 있다. 또한 curcumin은 viral 자극제인 poly[I:C](TLR3 agonist)에 의해서 유도된 IRF3나 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성화를 억제하였지만, TRIF에 의해서 유도된 IRF3 활성화는 억제시키지를 못하였다. 이러한 결과 또한 TLR3 자체가 curcumin의 분자학적인 타깃이라는 가능성을 제시해 준다고 할 수 있겠다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼때, curcumin의 분자학적인 타깃이 $IKK{\beta}$ 이외에 모든 TLRs가 될 수 있다는 가능성을 제시해 준다고 할 수 있겠다. 이러한 결과는 curcumin이 그람음성균 뿐만이 아니라 바이러스나 박테리아 등 여러 병원균들로부터 유도되는 염증반응이나 만성적인 질병들을 조절할 수 있다는 것을 보여주는 결과라 할 수 있겠다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.226-233
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• 2011

Objectives: Being overweight or obese is central to metabolic syndrome, and these characteristics constitute dominant risk factors for chronic diseases. Although behavioral factors, including eating habits and sedentary lifestyles, are considered to be determinants of obesity, the specific childhood factors that contribute to this condition have not been clearly defined. Methods: The subjects consisted of 261 children aged 7- 9 years who were recruited from an elementary school during October 2003. Information was obtained from their parents using a questionnaire focused on eating behaviors and lifestyle factors, additional data were also collected via anthropometric measurements and biochemical examinations, including blood tests. Results: A total of 48 (18.4%) of the 261 children were overweight, and 34 (70.8%) had at least one other component of metabolic syndrome. Eating behaviors emerged as significant lifestyle-related risk factors for being overweight or obese. Those who engaged in overeating more than twice per week had three times the risk of being overweight (odds ratio [OR], 3.10, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39 to 6.92), and those who ate rapidly had three times the risk of being overweight (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.68 to 6.41). Those who had fewer family meals (fewer than 2?3/month) had a nine times higher risk of being overweight than those who had family meals more frequently (at least 1/day) (OR, 9.51; 95% CI, 1.21 to 74.82). Conclusions: This study showed that being overweight or obese during preadolescence is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome and is related to unhealthy eating behaviors. Thus, weight-control strategies and healthy eating behaviors should be developed early in life to reduce the risk for metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.27-44
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• 1974

A general survey of 82 perschool children and 473 school children (from 1st to 3rd grade) residing in the Dongnae area of Shindong Myun, choonseoung Gun, Kangwon Province was conducted from June 12 to 21, 1973, to obtain information concerning nutritional status, especially the protein and iron nutrition of preschool and school children in a rural area of Korea. A sample of 58 children 2 to 9 years old was selected from these 555 children for hematological, biochemical and parasitological tests. The results of these tests are presented below, 1) Both the mean body height and mean body weight of these children were higher and heavier than the averages in the Korean Physical Standards. About 39 per cent were above the 90 th percentile of the Korean Physical Standards of height and 35 per cent were above the 90th percentile of the Korean Physical Standards of weight. 2) The rate of infestation by helminthes was 67.6 per cent and there were no cases of hookworm infestation Among the ascaris-infected children, 61.6 per cent fell within an Ascaris E.P.G. count range of $501{\sim}2,000$. This was considered a rather mild intensify of ascaris infection. Nutrient loss due to helminthes was also estimated to be low. 3) The mean hemoglobin level was 11.3gm% $({\pm}0.94)$, and 68.4 per cent of the children were anemic (less than 11gm% among those 5 years old or less, less than l2gm% among those 6 years old or more). The average hematocrit value was 36.1% $({\pm}2.36)$, and only 3.5 per cent showed more than 34% on the M.C.H.C. test. These results showed that the incidence of anemia, in these rural children was high, and that in general it displayed hypochromic characteristics. 4) The average serum iron level was $78.2{\mu}g%$\;({\pm}29.8). The Proportion of the children showing less than $50{\mu}g% in the serum iron level was 5.6 per cent, while 41.8 percent revealed $450{\mu}g% or more in the TIBC determination. Transferrin saturation was below 15% in 71.4 percent of the preschool children, and in 28.6 percent of the school children. Those who had a serum iron level of $50{\mu}g% or less and a TIBC of more than $450{\mu}g% constituted 11.9 percent of the children examined. From these results, it was concluded that especially preschool children were low in iron nutrition, and that most of the anemia might be iron-deficiency anemia. 5) The mean values of total serum protein and albumin were 6.98gm% and 4.99gm% respectively. Especially in serum albumin, all children stowed more than 4 gm%. 6) The mean urinary urea nitrogen Per creatinine ratio was 11.5 $({\pm}4.2)$, and 21.8 percent had a ratio of more than 15. Considering these results, it was suggested that protein nutrition in these children was relatively good.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2013

The most critical point in the assessment of adherence to dietary guidelines is the development of a practical definition for adherence, such as a dietary pattern score. The purpose of this study was to develop the Korean Diet Score (KDS) based on the Korean Food Balance Wheel and to examine the association of KDS with various lifestyle characteristics and biochemical factors. The dietary data of 5,320 subjects from the 4th Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey were used for the final analysis. The food guide was composed of six food group categories; 'grain dishes', 'fish and meat dishes', 'vegetable dishes', 'fruits', 'milk' and 'oils and sugars'. Based on the recommended serving numbers for each group, the scores measuring adherence to this food guide were calculated from the dietary information from the 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire, and then its correlation with various characteristics was assessed. KDS was significantly associated with several clinical, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors as well as diagnosed disease history. The higher quintile group of KDS showed a significantly lower level in fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, current smoking and drinking as well as higher leisure time activity, house income and education. Furthermore, the KDS quintile group of women was inversely associated with hypertension, osteoporosis and diabetes. A higher KDS quintile was characterized with a higher intake of several critical nutrients, such as Ca, Fe and vitamins as well as a desirable nutrition balance such as the ratio of macronutrients. Our results demonstrate that KDS is a beneficial tool in assessing the adherence to a healthy diet based on the Korean dietary guidelines. We suggest that KDS could be a useful indicator for evaluating the dietary balance of the Korean population.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.336-341
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: It is expected that dairy products such as cheeses, which are the main source of cholesterol and saturated fat, may lead to the development or increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases; however, the results of different studies are inconsistent. This study was conducted to assess the association between cheese consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian adult population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Information from the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) was used for this cross-sectional study with a total of 1,752 participants (782 men and 970 women). Weight, height, waist and hip circumference measurement, as well as fasting blood samples were gathered and biochemical assessments were done. To evaluate the dietary intakes of participants a validated food frequency questionnaire, consists of 49 items, was completed by expert technicians. Consumption of cheese was classified as less than 7 times per week and 7-14 times per week. RESULTS: Higher consumption of cheese was associated with higher C-Reactive Protein (CRP), apolipoprotein A and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level but not with fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B. Higher consumption of cheese was positively associated with consumption of liquid and solid oil, grain, pulses, fruit, vegetable, meat and dairy, and negatively associated with Global Dietary Index. After control for other potential confounders the association between cheese intake and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.81; 96%CI: 0.71-0.94), low HDL-C level (OR: 0.87; 96%CI: 0.79-0.96) and dyslipidemia (OR: 0.88; 96%CI: 0.79-0.98) became negatively significant. CONCLUSION: This study found an inverse association between the frequency of cheese intake and cardiovascular risk factors; however, further prospective studies are required to confirm the present results and to illustrate its mechanisms.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.124-134
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• 1990

본 연구는 미숙아들의 영양공급 및 성장상태를 조사하기 위하여 출생시 체중이 2500g이하이며 在胎期間이 37주 미만인 신생아중 20일이상 입원한 미숙아를 대상으로 그들의 역학적 조사, 영양 섭취량과 공급 방식, 체위의 변화, 혈액학적 검사등을 비교 분석한 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 출생체중별 在胎期間과 apgar score를 보면 1499g이하 미숙아군은 31주, 4/7(1min/5min)이며 1500~1999g, 2000~2500g 미숙아군은 각각 33주, 8/9(1min/5min)이었다. 2) 미숙아들의 체중별 1일 kg당 열량과 수분 섭취량을 평균적으로 보면 1499g 이하 미숙아군은 102.0Kcal, 150.2ml이며 1500~1999g 미숙아군은 119.3Kcal, 136.4ml이며 2000~2500g 미숙아군은 101.7Kcal, 141.5ml이었다. 3) 1999g이하 미숙아군의 영양 공급 빈도 중 dextrose와 dextrose/hyperal 공급시일 즉 관주입법으로 공급한 시일을 평균적으로 보면 1499g이하 미숙아군은 7.7일이여 1500~1999g 미숙아군은 3.8일이었다. dextrose/formula와 dextrose/hyperal/formula공급시일은 1499g이하 미숙아군은 평균 14.2일, 1500~1999g 미숙아군은 10.9일이었다. 4) 미숙아들의 초기 체중 감소율을 보면 1499g이하 미숙아군은 5.4%, 1500~1999g 미숙아군은 6.4%, 2000~2500g 미숙아군은 11.4%로 출생체중이 높은 미숙아군의 감소율이 높게 나타났다. 5) 혈액학적 검사시 1499g 이하 미숙아군의 10일째 Hb은 12.1g/dl, Hct은 36.7%, MCHC는 33.2%이며 1500~1999g 미숙아군의 수치는 15.4g/dl, 46.7%, 33.8%이며 2000~2500g 미숙아군은 14.3g/dl, 42.5%, 351.1%로 조사기간중 20일째까지 Hb과 Hct수치는 점차 감소하였다. 6) Amino acid 투여의 영향을 보면 amino acid투여군의 초기 체중 감소율이 9.0%로 amino acid투여 안한군(9.4%)보다 단백질과 열량을 적게 섭취하였음에도 초기 체중 감소율의 유의적 차이는 없었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.187-199
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• 1992

1960년에서 1990년까지 발표된 영양조사 관련논문 336편을 9(영유아, 학동기아동, 청소년, 대학생, 임신수유부, 주부, 노인, 근로자, 환자)개 대상 집단별로 나누어 각 대상집단의 영양조사에 적용된 조사방법을 분석한 결과는 아래와 같다. 영양조사의 대상별 분포를 보면 영유아, 학동기아동, 대학생, 청소년, 주부, 노인, 근로자, 수유부, 환자의 순이었다. 조사건수의 85%가 식이조사를 포함였으며, 식이섭취조사법의 이용이 증가되었다. 설문지의 조사표를 이용하여 식습관, 영양지식등 식생활 상황을 파악한 논문이 가장 많았으며 그 내용도 대상집단에 따라 다양하였다. 논문의 53%가 신체계측조사를 적용하였으며 영유아, 학동기 아동의 경우는 신장과 체중을 계측하여 발육표준치와 비교하여 성장발육을 측정하였고, 성인의 경우는 신장과 체중을 이용하여 body mass index를 구하거나 피부투겹두께를 측정하여 체조성을 관찰하였으며, 최근에는 영양부족으로 인한성장 지연이나 열세한 체위보다는 영양과잉섭취로 인한 비만 쪽으로의 연구가 증가하고 있었으며 따라서 정확한 체지방측정 방법을 모색하는 연구논문이 다수 있었다. 생화학적 조사를 수행한 연구논문은 32%로서 숫자에 있어서는 거의 빈혈에 관한 생화학적 조사가 대부분을 차지하였다. 단백질 영양상태 판정을 위한 조사가 다수 있었으며, 무기질에 있어서는 Na과K이 주를 이루었고 비타민에 관한 생화학적 조사는 매우 부진하였다. 임상조사는 26%로서 그 적용빈도가 가장 낮았으며 특히 영양결핍성 신체징후를 관찰한 경우는 5%정도에 그쳤다. 반면에 대상자의 자각증상에 관한 설문 또는 조사표를 이용한 건강상태자각정도와 피로도 등을 측정하는 사례가 많았다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권18호
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• pp.8397-8403
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer (BCa) is the most common malignancy in Mexican women. A set of histopathological markers has been established to guide BCa diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Nevertheless, in only a few Mexican health services, such as that of the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA for its acronym in Spanish), are these markers commonly employed for assessing BCa. The aim of this study was to explore the association of Ki67, TP53, HER2/neu, estrogenic receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs) with BCa risk factors. Materials and Methods: Clinical histories provided background patient information. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was conducted on 48 tissue samples from women diagnosed with BCa and treated with radical mastectomy. The Chi square test or Fisher exact test together with the Pearson and Spearman correlation were applied. Results: On average, patients were $58{\pm}10.4$ years old. It was most common to find invasive ductal carcinoma (95.8%), histological grade 3 (45.8%), with a poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI; 80.4%). ERs and PRs were associated with smoking and alcohol consumption, metastasis at diagnosis and Ki67 expression (p<0.05). PR+ was also related to urea and ER+ (p<0.05). Ki67 was associated with TP53 and elevated triglycerides (p<0.05), and HER2/neu with ER+, the number of pregnancies and tumor size (p<0.05). TP53 was also associated with a poor NPI (p<0.05) and CD34 with smoking (p<0.05). The triple negative status (ER-/PR-/HER2/neu-) was related to smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to biomass, number of pregnancies, metastasis and a poor NPI (p<0.05). Moreover, the luminal B subty was associated with histological type (p=0.007), tumor size (p=0.03) and high cholesterol (p=0.02). Conclusions: Ki67, TP53, HER2/neu, ER and PR proved to be related to several clinical and pathological factors. Hence, it is crucial to determine this IHC profile in women at risk for BCa. Certain associations require further study to understand physiological/biochemical/molecular processes.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제105권2호
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• pp.208-215
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• 2016

우리나라 자생수종인 정금나무는 낙엽활엽관목으로 열매는 식약용으로 사용되어 왔으나 기능성성분 함량 및 항산화 활성에 관한 연구는 미진한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내 자생 정금나무 4집단 24개체의 열매에 대한 형태적 특성, 식물생리활성물질(폴리페놀, 플라보노이드, 안토시아닌) 및 항산화활성을 분석하였다. ANOVA 분석결과 모든 특성들에서 집단 및 개체간의 유의적인 차이가 인정되었다. 총 페놀 함량은 4.40~10.58 mg GAE/g, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 2.02~8.09 mg NE/g, 총 안토시아닌 함량은 232.5~684.3 mg CGE/100g, 환원력은 0.15~1.43, DPPH 자유라디컬 소거능은 400 ppm 농도에서 49.1-97.5% 범위를 각각 나타냈다. 특히, 정금나무 열매의 기능성 성분 함량 및 항산화활성이 국내재배 및 북미산 블루베리에 비해 우수한 것으로 나타나 육종소재 및 기능성 성분 소재로서의 이용 가치가 높은 수종으로 판단된다.