• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.290-298
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• 2019

The proportion of farm households in the total population is decreasing every year. The aging of rural areas is expected to deepen. The aging of agriculture is continuing due to the aging of the aged population and the decline of the young population, and agricultural manpower shortage is emerging as a threat to agriculture and rural areas. The existing facility cultivation was concentrated on the production / yield per unit area. However, nowadays, not only production but also crop quality should be good so that the quality of crops must be improved because they can secure competitiveness in the market. Therefore, the government plans to increase the productivity by hi-techization of ICT infrastructure horticulture and to plan the dissemination of energy saving smart greenhouse. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a Smart Farm convergence service system based on a hybrid algorithm to enhance diversity and connectivity. Therefore, this study aims to develop smart farm convergence service system which collects data of growth environment of the rhizosphere environment of crops by wireless and monitor smartphone.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.375-390
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• 2022

Influenza viruses are zoonotic respiratory pathogens, and influenza infections have caused a substantial burden on public health systems and the livestock industry. Although currently approved seasonal influenza vaccines have shown potent protection efficacy against antigenically well-matched strains, there are considerable unmet needs for the efficient control of viral infections. Enormous efforts have been made to develop broadly protective universal influenza vaccines to tackle the huge levels of genetic diversity and variability of influenza viruses. In addition, antiviral drugs have been considered important interventions for the treatment of viral infections. The viral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir is the most widely used antiviral medication to treat influenza A and influenza B viruses. However, unsatisfactory clinical outcomes resulting from side effects and the emergence of resistant variants have led to greater attention being paid to plants as a natural resource for anti-influenza drugs. In particular, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has underpinned the need for safe and effective antiviral drugs with a broad spectrum of antiviral activity to prevent the rapid spread of viruses among humans. This review outlines the results of the antiviral activities of various natural products isolated from plants against influenza viruses. Special focus is paid to the virucidal effects and the immune-enhancing effects of antiviral natural products, since the products have broad applications as inactivating agents for the preparation of inactivated vaccines and vaccine adjuvants.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 2023

Wild Lentinula edodes (shiitake) strains are an important breeding material for developing new varieties suitable for various consumer preferences and environmental conditions. The morphological characteristics of 100 wild shiitake strains collected from 14 regions were investigated in a sawdust block cultivation. The characteristics of their fruiting bodies were diverse. Among them, 38% of the caps was convex, 33% was broadly umbonate, 27% was applanate, and 2% was shallowly depressed. In terms of their stipes, 55, 23, and 22% were the column, clavate, and funnel type, respectively. The shape of the cap was the most diverse on Mt. Hwaak, whereas the shape of the stipe showed various phenotypes from various regions. Even among strains collected from the same forest, different types of mushrooms were observed. In conclusion, wild shiitake strains that have adapted to various environmental stress can be used to develop new varieties. Thus, securing various genetic resources and studying their traits are important for researching breeding technology.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.501-507
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• 2010

The aim of the current study was to analyze the diversity of the major surface protein (Msp) gene in Theileria buffeli, which is known as the major antigenic protein recognized by the immune system of the host. In addition, we characterized the diversification of the Msp gene and its relationship to with the pathogenicity of Theileria. Complete blood counts (CBC) and Theileria 18S rRNA PCR sequence analysis were performed for 177 Korean indigenous cattle (KIC) in Jeju Island. A total of 28 KIC (16 anemic and 12 non-anemic KIC) were then randomly selected based on 18s rRNA PCR positive samples for sequence analysis of the Theileria Msp gene, which was performed twice for each specimen. The resulting 56 Msp gene sequences were classified into five antigenicity types (type I to V), according to the variable region (517-571 bp), which exhibited high similarity (${\geq}$ 98.9%) to several available GenBank sequences (Theileria spp. from China-EU584237; T. sergenti from China-DQ078264; Theileria spp. from Thailand-AB081329; Theileria spp. from Japan-AB218442; T. sergenti from Japan-AB016280). The 56 Msp sequences consisted of 22, 15, 9, 8, and 2 cases of type I to type V Msp genes, respectively. The most prevalent type in both anemic and non-anemic KIC was type I (37.5% in anemic and 41.7% in non-anemic). Among the remaining types, type II was the most prevalent (37.5%) in anemic KIC, while type IV was the most prevalent (25%) in non-anemic KIC. The results of our study help confirm the diversity of Msp gene types and demonstrate that the gene type distribution of Msp genes varies among Theileria-infected KIC in Jeju Island.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bioinformatics Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.26-51
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• 2003

Large scale protein interaction maps provide a new, global perspective with which to analyse protein function. PSIMAP, the Protein Structural Interactome Map, is a database of all the structurally observed interactions between superfamilies of protein domains with known three-dimensional structure in thePDB. PSIMAP incorporates both functional and evolutionary information into a single network. It makes it possible to age protein domains in terms of taxonomic diversity, interaction and function. One consequence of it is to predict the most important protein domain structure in evolution. We present a global analysis of PSIMAP using several distinct network measures relating to centrality, interactivity, fault-tolerance, and taxonomic diversity. We found the following results: ${\bullet}$ Centrality: we show that the center and barycenter of PSIMAP do not coincide, and that the superfamilies forming the barycenter relate to very general functions, while those constituting the center relate to enzymatic activity. ${\bullet}$ Interactivity: we identify the P-loop and immunoglobulin superfamilies as the most highly interactive. We successfully use connectivity and cluster index, which characterise the connectivity of a superfamily's neighbourhood, to discover superfamilies of complex I and II. This is particularly significant as the structure of complex I is not yet solved. ${\bullet}$ Taxonomic diversity: we found that highly interactive superfamilies are in general taxonomically very diverse and are thus amongst the oldest. This led to the prediction of the oldest and most important protein domain in evolution of lift. ${\bullet}$ Fault-tolerance: we found that the network is very robust as for the majority of superfamilies removal from the network will not break up the network. Overall, we can single out the P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases superfamily as it is the most highly connected and has the highest taxonomic diversity. In addition, this superfamily has the highest interaction rank, is the barycenter of the network (it has the shortest average path to every other superfamily in the network), and is an articulation vertex, whose removal will disconnect the network. More generally, we conclude that the graph-theoretic and taxonomic analysis of PSIMAP is an important step towards the understanding of protein function and could be an important tool for tracing the evolution of life at the molecular level.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.439-448
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• 2013

Rhodophyta is one of major groups in the number of species and diversity of the marine algal flora. The occurrence of Korean 5 red algal species is reported for the first time on the list of Korean marine algal flora based on morphology: Ceramium pacificum, Cumathanmnion serrulatum, Gayliella fimbriata, Leptofauchea rhodymenioides, Sorella pulchra. Ceramium pacificum from Korea is recognized by complete cortication, many adventitious branches in a radial arrangement, 7-8 periaxial cells, and plant length of 1-2 cm. Cumathanmnion serrulatum is characterized by cartilaginous single main axis with a prominent midrib, serrulate blade, many higher orders of bladelets on each blade, and tetrasporagia produced near the midrib acropetally and then outwardly. Gayliella fimbriata is featured by clavate gland cell and 5-7 periaxial cells. Leptofauchea rhodymenioides is characterized by erect with flattened, dichotomously branched fronds, 1-2 cortical cells loosely arranged, 2-3 cell medullar layers with large colourless cells. Sorella pulchrais recognized by short branches produced alternately pinnate manner from margins of axial, mostly polystromatic frond, and tetrasporangial sori on the center of branches.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.281-289
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• 2001

We analyzed 88 strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (Analmorph: Fusarium section Liseola) from maize in Korea for mating population, mating type, fumonisin production vegetative compatibility, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns. We found 50 strains that were MATA-2, 22 that were MATA-1, 1 that was MATD-1, and 15 that were not reproducibly fertile with any of the mating type testers. Of the 50 MATA-2, 15 were female fertile, while 10 of the 22 MATA-1 strains were female fertile. A total of 1,138 nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants were recovered from a total of 88 strains. These strains were grouped into 39 vegetative compatability groups (VCGs) by demonstrating heterokaryosis between nit mutants. A single maize ear could be infected by more than one VCG of F. moniliforme. RAPD analysis measured genetic diversity among 63 strains of F. moniliforme. Several VCGs were distinguished by RAPD fingerprinting patterns. Most strains produced significant levels of fumonisins. However, 6 MATA-2 strains from a single VCG produced higher levels of fumonisin $\textrm{B}_3$ than that of fumonisin $\textrm{B}_1$ or $\textrm{B}_2$. From these data, we concluded that most Korean strains of F. moniliforme associated with maize belonged to mating population A and produced significant levels of fumonisins. Futhermore, RAPD analysis could differentiate strains associated with different VCGs.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.135-150
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• 2018

Eleven bacterial strains 17SD2_15, 17Sr1_23, 17SD2_13, 17Sr1_31, 17gy_18, 16B15D, 16B02D, 16B04G, 16B01D, 17U4-2 and 17J28-10 assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria were isolated from soil samples collected from Seoul Women's University, in South Korea. The Belnapia species, strain 17SD2_15 was cocci-shaped and pink-colored. The Methylobacterium species, strain 17Sr1_23, 17SD2_13, 17Sr1_31, and 16B15D were short rod-shaped and pink-colored. The Microvirga species, strain 17gy_18, and 16B02D were short rod-shaped and pink-colored. The Oxalicibacterium species, strain 16B04G was short rod-shaped and pink-colored. The Sphingomonas species, strain 16B01D was short rod-shaped and yellow-colored. The Variovorax species, strain 17U4-2 was cocci-shaped and yellow-colored. The Paracoccus species, 17J28-10 was cocci-shaped and orange-colored. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strains 17SD2_15, 17Sr1_23, 17SD2_13, 17Sr1_31, 17gy_18, 16B15D, 16B02D, 16B04G, 16B01D, 17U4-2 and 17J28-10 were most closely related to Belnapia soli (with 99.9% similarity), Methylobacterium gregans (99.1%), Methylobacterium isbiliense (99.6%), Methylobacterium oxalidis (99.9%), Microvirga aerilata (98.7%), Methylobacterium aerolatum (99.0%), Microvirga vignae (100.0%), Noviherbaspirillum canariense (100.0%), Sphingomonas desiccabilis (100.0%), Variovorax humicola (99.6%), and Paracoccus acridae (99.1%), respectively. This is the first report of these eleven species in Korea.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.287-290
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• 2015

Soyasaponins are glycosylated, which gives rise to a wide diversity of structures and functions. We evaluated for inhibitory effects of 4 soyasaponins on antigen-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 Cells. 4 soyasaponins had shown dose-dependently inhibited histamine and ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.2535-2541
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• 2009

Prebiotic isomaltooligosaccharide preparations contain $\alpha$-D-glucooligosaccharides comprising isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) and non-prebiotic maltooligosaccharides (MOs). They are both glucose oligosaccharides characterized by their degree of polymerization (DP) value (from 2 to $\sim$10), linkages types and positions (IMOs: $\alpha$-(1$\rightarrow$2, 3, 6 and in a lower proportion internal 1$\rightarrow$4) linkages, MOs: α-(1$\rightarrow$4) linkages). Their structure is the key factor for their prebiotic potential. In order to determine and elucidate the exact structure of unknown IMOs and MOs, unambiguous assignments of $^{13}C$ and $^1H$ chemical shifts of commercial standards, representative of IMOs and MOs diversity, have been determined using optimized standard one and two-dimensional experiments such as $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR, APT and ${^1}H-{^1}H$ COSY, TOCSY, NOESY and <$^1H-{^{13}}C$ heteronuclear HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, and HMBC. Here we point out the differential effect of substitution by a glucose residue at different positions on chemical shifts of anomeric as well as ring carbons together with the effect of the reducing end configuration for low DP oligosaccharides and diasteroisotopic effect for H-6 protons. From this study, structural $^{13}C$ specific spectral features can be identified as tools for structural analysis of isomaltooligosaccharides.