• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1023-1028
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• 2007

This study was designed to determine whether dietary glutinous barley (GB) affects lipid metabolism in middle-aged rats previously fed a high-fat diet. To induce obesity, 20 male 9-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were raised for 1 month on a diet containing 20%(w/w) lipid. The rats were allocated to 1 of 2 groups of 10 rats each and for the subsequent 2 months were fed an 8%(w/w) lipid diet containing well-milled rice (WMR) or GB powder. Rats fed the GB diet had significantly lower concentrations of plasma triglyceride, plasma total cholesterol, and liver cholesterol than rats fed the WMR diet. Fecal excretions of triglyceride and bile acids were significantly greater for the GB group than for the WMR group. In conclusion, dietary GB has positive effects on lipid metabolism: it decreases plasma cholesterol concentration by increasing fecal excretion of bile acids.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.162-165
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• 2002

With the objective of identifying the commercial potential of new direct-fed microbials, several temperature-tolerant strains were isolated from cane molasses at $39^{\circ}C$ and tested for their tolerance to pH, bile salts, and a mixture of volatile fatty acids (acetic acid:propionic acid:butyric acid=6.5:2.0:1.5). It was found that the isolated strain DY 252 grew very well up to pH 2.0 and was resistant to relatively high concentrations of bile salts. Among the strains tested, DY 252 was least inhibited by the addition of volatile fatty acids to the growth medium at $39^{\circ}C$. Accordingly, it would appear that strain DY 252, identified as yeast Issatchenkia orientalis, may be a potential candidate for use as a microbial feed additive.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.6
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• pp.565-570
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• 1999

Intracellular accumulation of bile acids in the hepatocytes during cholestasis is thought to be pathogenic in cholestatic liver injury. Due to the detergent-like effect of the hydrophobic bile acids, hepatocellular injury has been attributed to direct membrane damage. However histological findings of cholestatic liver diseases suggest apoptosis can be a mechanism of cell death during cholestatic liver diseases instead of necrosis. To determine the pattern of hepatocellular toxicity induced by bile acid, we incubated primary cultured rat hepatocytes with a hydrophobic bile acid, Glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC), up to 5 hours. After 5 hours incubation with $400\;{\mu}M$ GCDC, lactate dehydrogenase released significantly. Cell viability, quantitated in propidium iodide stained cells concomitant with fluoresceindiacetate was decreased time- and dose-dependently. Most nuclei with condensed chromatin and shrunk cytoplasm were heavily labelled time- and dose-dependently by a positive TUNEL reaction. These findings suggest that both apoptosis and necrosis are involved in hepatocytes injury caused by GCDC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1988

This research was designed to investigate the influence of dietary fat and cholesterol on the excretions of neutral steroids and bile acids of rats. Experimental groups were divided into 6 groups according to the dietary treatment. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments included 3 levels of dietary fat(15, 30 or 45% energy) and 2 levels of dietary fat saturation(0.5 or 1.0n P/S ratio). After 4 weeks feeding, fecal excretions of total lipids, neutral steroids and bile acids were determined. The following results were obtained. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were singnificantly influenced by dietary fat level. Lipid digestibility was significantly increased in proportion to the level of dietary fat. However, no effect has been found in fecal secretions of total lipids, neutral steroids and bile acids by the differences of dietary fat levels and P/S ratios. The consumption of dietary cholesterol improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and lipid digestibility, but decreased total lipids excretion. And also, neutral steroids excretion showed tendency of increase with decreasing the fraction of coprostanol and increasing that of coprostanone, and total bile acids showed tendency of decrease by the consumption of dietary cholesterol.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.592-600
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• 2000

The concentration of free fatty acids and fatty acid composition as well as cholesterol supersaturation in bile may be an important factor in the gallstone formation. Therefore, we simultaneously determinded 23 fatty acids in bile by selected ion monitoring (SIM) method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Biliary fatty acids were extracted by aminopropyl column and the extracts with (phospholipid fraction) or without (free fatty acid fraction) alkaline hydrolysis of phospholipid were derivatized with MSTFA/TMCS (N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide/trimethylsilylchloride) mixture in order to be detected on the GC-MS. The recovery range of this method was 61.1-99.0% and the RSD value of within-a-day and day-to-day test were 3.1-25.6% and 3.8-27.0%, respectively. Using this method, biliary profile was investigated in the bile of normal controls and patients with gallstones. The amounts and their distribution of free and phospholipid fatty acids showed different pattern between normal subjects and patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.433-440
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• 1998

In order to select probiotics with a high survival rate in gut and the growth inhibition of virulent pathogens to human beings or animals, we have examined a variety of microorganisms to assess the acid, bile, and pancreatic tolerance and the growth inhibition of E. colt O8 and Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 8391. Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC 3155 was shown to inhibit the growth of E. coli and Salmonella dramatically within 24 h of incubation, although it was vulnerable to the exposure of bile acids. Bacillus polyfermenticus showed a good growth inhibition against E. coli, with a moderate acid and bile tolerance, while Clostridium butyricum KCTC 1786 inhibited the growth of E. coli and Salmonella slightly with a good bile tolerance. However, Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7928 and Aspergillus oryzae KCTC 6075 did not inhibit the growth of E. coli and Salmonella, suggesting that these microorganisms can be used as the sources of nutritional suppliment rather than as probiotics itself.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1222-1228
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• 2007

The aim of this experiment was to compare the characterization of fatty acid digestion of Beijing Fatty (BF) and Arbor Acres (AA) chickens. One-day-old male AA and BF chickens were raised in the same house, and fed with the same diet. We first evaluated utilization of dietary fatty acids in chickens by the total collection procedure, and chickens were then killed to compare the abundance of intestinal mRNA expression of liver-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) and intestinal-fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) by Real-time PCR, and also the pH of intestinal mucosa at 3 and 6 weeks of age. Another group of chickens were sampled at 6 weeks of age to compare the total bile acid concentration in serum, and lipase activity in contents of the small intestine. Results showed that compared to AA chickens, BF chickens had higher lipase activity in the content of the small intestine (p<0.05), greater total bile acid content in portal vein blood (p<0.05) at 6 weeks of age, lower intestinal mucosal pH at both 3 weeks (p<0.05) and 6 weeks (p<0.05) of age, and higher abundance of liver-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) mRNA expression in intestine tissues at 6 weeks of age (p<0.05), and higher digestibility of fatty acids at both 3 and 6 weeks (p<0.05) of age. There was no difference in I-FABP mRNA expression between AA and BF chickens at either age. Thus, BF chickens had greater fatty acids utilization than AA chickens that was associated with L-FABP, lipase activity, bile acid content and intestinal mucosal pH.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2012

A comparative study of bile acid components from four lamprey species revealed that mature male chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneus can produce 3 keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS) while mature males of Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata, river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis and American brook lamprey Lethenteron appendix produce petromyzonol sulfate (PZS). Identification of 3kPZS from a group of ancient lamprey species and of PZS from recently derived species led to a speculation that differentiation of bile acid biosynthetic systems has taken place during the course of evolution. Further studies on the biological functions of different bile acids in the adult lampreys are required to understand the evolution of chemical communication in lampreys.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.222-226
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• 2010

This study was carried out to isolate and characterize the Lactobacillus plantarum with bile salt deconjugation activity that was isolated from Kimchi. Some isolates were selected and identified as L. plantarum by 16S rRNA gene sequence and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of whole cell protein patterns. They were assayed to determine their capacities to express bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. Among the identified strains, L. plantarum CIB 001 showed the highest level of BSH activity. Then, resistance to gastric acidity and bile condition were analyzed for further characterization. This strain was able to maintain viability for 1h at pH 2.0 and to survive in a MRS (deMan, Rogosa, and Sharpe) broth with 1.0% of bile acids. L. plantarum CIB 001 would potentially be useful in the food industry as probiotics.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.403-407
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• 2007

Several marine. bacterial strains, which were isolated from seawater off the island Dokdo, Korea, were screened to find new bioactive compounds such as antibiotics. Among them, Donghaeana dokdonensis strain DSW-6 was found to produce antibacterial agents, and the agents were then purified and analyzed by LC-MS/MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectrometries. The bioactive compounds were successfully identified as cholic acid and glycine-conjugated glycocholic acid, the $7{\alpha}$-dehydroxylated derivatives (deoxycholic acid and glycodeoxycholic acid) of which were also detected in relatively small amounts. Other marine isolates, taxonomically different from DSW-6, were also able to produce the compounds in a quite different production ratio from DSW-6. As far as we are aware of, these bile acids are produced by specific members of the genus Streptomyces and Myroides, and thought to be general secondary metabolites produced by a variety of bacterial taxa that are widely distributed in the sea.