• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.427-434
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• 2016

Benzoic acid is occasionally used as a raw material supplement in food products and is sometimes generated during the fermentation process. In this study, the production of naturally occurring yogurt preservatives was investigated for various starter cultures and incubation temperatures, and considered food regulations. Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Bifidobacterium breve were used as yogurt starter cultures in commercial starters. Among these strains, L. rhamnosus and L. paracasei showed the highest production of benzoic acid. Therefore, the use of L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei, S. thermophilus, and different incubation temperatures were examined to optimize benzoic acid production. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design was performed for various incubation temperatures (35-44℃) and starter culture inoculum ratios (0-0.04%) in a commercial range of dairy fermentation processes. The optimum conditions were 0.04% L. rhamnosus, 0.01% L. paracasei, 0.02% S. thermophilus, and 38.12℃, and the predicted and estimated concentrations of benzoic acid were 13.31 and 13.94 mg/kg, respectively. These conditions maximized naturally occurring benzoic acid production during the yogurt fermentation process, and the observed production levels satisfied regulatory guidelines for benzoic acid in dairy products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.469-478
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• 2015

In spite of the reported probiotic effects, Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 (BGN4) showed no βglucosidase activity and failed to biotransform isoflavone glucosides into the more bioactive aglycones during soy milk fermentation. To develop an isoflavone-biotransforming BGN4, we constructed the recombinant B. bifidum BGN4 strain (B919G) by cloning the structural β-glucosidase gene from B. lactis AD011 (AD011) using the expression vector with the constitutively active promoter 919 from BGN4. As a result, B919G highly expressed β-glucosidase and showed higher β-glucosidase activity and heat stability than the source strain of the β-glucosidase gene, AD011. The biotransformation of daidzin and genistin compounds using the crude enzyme extract from B919G was completed within 4 h, and the bioconversion of daidzin and genistin in soy milk during fermentation with B919G also occurred within 6 h, which was much faster and higher than with AD011. The incorporation of this β-glucosidase-producing Bifidobacterium strain in soy milk could lead to the production of fermented soy milk with an elevated amount of bioavailable forms of isoflavones as well as to the indigenous probiotic effects of the Bifidobacterium strain.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2017

Purpose: Breastfeeding is the best way to feed all infants, but not all infants can be (exclusively) breastfed. Cow's milk based infant formula is the second choice infant feeding. Methods: The safety of a new synbiotic infant formula, supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis and fructo-oligosaccharides, with lactose and a whey/casein 60/40 protein ratio was tested in 280 infants during 3 months. Results: The median age of the infants at inclusion was 0.89 months. Weight evolution was in accordance with the World Health Organization growth charts for exclusive breastfed infants. The evolution of all anthropometric parameters (weight-for-length z score and body mass index-for-age z score) was within the normal range. The incidence of functional constipation (3.2%), daily regurgitation (10.9%), infantile crying and colic (10.5%) were all significantly lower than the reported median prevalence for a similar age according to literature (median value of 7.8% for functional constipation, 26.7% for regurgitation, 17.7% for infantile colic). Conclusion: The new synbiotic infant starter formula was safe, resulted in normal growth and was well tolerated. Functional gastro-intestinal manifestations (functional constipation, regurgitation and colic) were significantly lower than reported in literature. Synbiotics (Bifidobacterium lactis and fructo-oligosaccharides) in cow's milk based infant formula bring the second choice infant feeding, formula, closer to the golden standard, exclusive breastfeeding.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.661-666
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• 2006

The present study represents the investigation of in vitro immunopotentiating activities of cellular fractions of major lactic acid bacteria found in kimchi (KLAB) and bifidobacteria. The macrophage cells, RAW264.7, were stimulated with heat-killed whole-cell, cell-wall, and cytoplasmic fractions of four strains of KLAB (Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc citreum, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus sake) and two strains of bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium lactis) each, and then the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines including tumor necrosis $factor-\alpha\;(TNF-\alpha)$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured by Griess and ELISA assays, respectively. Heat-killed wholecell and cell-wall fractions-but not the cytoplasmic fraction-from all strains of KLAB significantly increased the production of NO in RAW264.7 cells, and all fractions from bifidobacteria exerted similar effects. In the production of $TNF-\alpha$, heat-killed whole-cell and cell-wall fractions of L. plantarum showed the strongest effect, followed by L. sake and B. lactis, whereas other KLAB fractions did not exert any effect. In the production of IL-6, only whole-cell and cell-wall fractions of L. plantarum were effective. These results, taken together, indicate that L. plantarum might playa critical role in the immunopotentiating activities of kimchi.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1800-1805
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• 2018

Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronically relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitute barrier surfaces and play a critical role in maintaining gut health. Dysregulated immune responses and destruction of IECs disrupt intestinal balance. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) is the most widely used chemical for inducing colitis in animals, and its treatment induces colonic inflammation, acute diarrhea, and shortening of the intestine, with clinical and histological similarity to human UC. Current treatments for this inflammatory disorder have poor tolerability and insufficient therapeutic efficacy, and thus, alternative therapeutic approaches are required. Recently, dietary supplements with probiotics have emerged as promising interventions by alleviating disturbances in the indigenous microflora in UC. Thus, we hypothesized that the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain BB12 could protect against the development of colitis in a DSS-induced mouse model of UC. In the present study, oral administration of BB12 markedly ameliorated DSS-induced colitis, accompanied by reduced tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$-mediated IEC apoptosis. These findings indicate that the probiotic strain BB12 can alleviate DSS-induced colitis and suggest a novel mechanism of communication between probiotic microorganisms and intestinal epithelia, which increases intestinal cell survival by modulating pro-apoptotic cytokine expression.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.100-106
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of a lactose- reduced synbiotic partial whey hydrolysate in formula fed infants presenting with colic and the impact of this dietary intervention in mean crying time and quality of life. Methods: Forty infants with infantile colic were treated during one month with parental reassurance and the intervention formula (partial whey hydrolysate, reduced lactose, Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 and galacto-oligosaccharides) and were compared to a control group of 20 infants with infantile colic treated with parental reassurance and a standard infant formula. Parents completed a quality of life (QoL) questionnaire assessing the burden of infantile colic. Wilcoxon test, t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare QoL scores before and after intervention as well as between the intervention and control group. Results: At inclusion, duration of crying did not differ between both groups. Crying duration decreased with 2.7 hours (from 3.2 to 0.5 hours) in the intervention group while duration of crying decreased only with 1.2 hours in the control group (p<0.001). Stool composition became looser in the intervention group, but defecation frequency did not change. The median scores of the QoL questionnaire improved significantly in the intervention group for all parameters. In the control group, parameters improved significantly also but not for the parent-child and social interaction. The score changes were significantly greater in the intervention than in the control group. Conclusion: The intervention formula (partial whey hydrolysate, synbiotic, reduced lactose) significantly reduced the duration of crying and improved QoL of the parents and infants.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.575-587
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• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of supplementation with a Bifidobacteria enhanced yogurt (BE0623 yogurt), which includes Bifidobacterium lactis BB12, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bifidobacterium lactis, in the management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) using animal models and clinical trials. In a rat study, a loperamide-treated group (LOP) showed reduced water content in fecal pellets but showed an increased number of fecal pellets in the distal colon. In addition, the BE0623 yogurt (L-BE0623Y) group had the fewest fecal pellets in the distal colon. Regarding the serum lipid parameters, the LOP group had a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/total cholesterol ratio that was 43% lower than that of a normal water group (NOR), but the outcome for the L-BE0623Y group was 27% lower than the NOR group. In a human study, 116 adults with IBS were sampled as subjects and fed 300 mL of yogurt per day for an eight week period. There was an IBS improvement in the L-BE0623Y and commercial yogurt (L-CY) groups, though flatulence, stool consistency and frequency of defecation outcomes were also noted. Specifically, the L-BE0623Y treatment group showed significant effects with regard to defecation duration and urgency after the consumption of the yogurt used in this study. These results suggest that the Bifidobacteria-enhanced yogurt has superior effects with regard to relieving loperamide-induced constipation in rats and that regular consumption of L-BE0623Y is effective to improve IBS in humans.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권6호
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• pp.1117-1131
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• 2022

Previous studies reported that Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis HY8002 (HY8002) improved intestinal integrity and had immunomodulatory effects. Lactobacillus plantarum HY7717 (HY7717) was screened in vitro from among 21 other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and demonstrated nitric oxide (NO) production. The aims of this study were to investigate the individual and combined ex vivo and in vivo effects of LAB strains HY8002 and HY7717 at immunostimulating mice that have been challenged with an immunosuppressant drug. The combination of HY8002 and HY7717 increased the secretion of cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in splenocytes. In a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression model, administration of the foregoing LAB combination improved the splenic and hematological indices, activated natural killer (NK) cells, and up-regulated plasma immunoglobulins and cytokines. Moreover, this combination treatment increased Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression. The ability of the combination treatment to upregulate IFN-γ and TNF-α in the splenocytes was inhibited by anti-TLR2 antibody. Hence, the immune responses stimulated by the combination of HY8002 and HY7717 are associated with TLR2 activation. The preceding findings suggest that the combination of the HY8002 and HY7717 LAB strains could prove to be a beneficial and efficacious immunostimulant probiotic supplement. The combination of the two probiotic strains will be applied on the dairy foods including yogurt and cheese.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.500-510
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• 2023

In this study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 21 top-selling probiotic products on Korean market and their antimicrobial resistance were analyzed. A total 152 strains were claimed to be contained in these products and 70 isolates belonging to three genera (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus) were obtained from these products. RAPD-PCR showed diversity among isolates of the same species except for two isolates of Lacticaibacillus rhamnosus from two different products. The agar dilution method and the broth dilution method produced different MICs for several antimicrobials. With the agar dilution method, five isolates (three isolates of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, one isolate of B. breve, one isolate of B. longum) were susceptible to all nine antimicrobials and 15 isolates were multi-drug resistant. With the broth microdilution method, only two isolates (one isolate of B. breve and one isolate of B. longum) were susceptible while 16 isolates were multi-drug resistant. In this study, only two AMR genes were detected: 1) lnu(A) in one isolate of clindamycin-susceptible and lincomycin-resistant Limosilactobacillus reuteri; and 2) tet(W) in one tetracycline-susceptible isolate of B. longum B1-1 and two tetracycline-susceptible isolates and three tetracycline resistant isolates of B. animalis subsp. lactis. Transfer of these two genes via conjugation with a filter mating technique was not observed. These results suggest a need to monitor antimicrobial resistance in newly registered probiotics as well as probiotics with a long history of use.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.681-687
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• 2007

Probiotics로서의 사용을 위한 우수 젖산균주 선발을 위해 김치 및 발효유 제품으로부터 분리한 젖산균과 공시 젖산균주를 대상으로 내산성, 내담즙성, 장내 점착능, 병원성균 억제능 등의 probiotics 특성과 장관면역활성, mitogenic activity 및 대식세포 활성화 등의 면역활성을 검토하였다. 내산성 실험의 결과, Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1, Lb. acidophilus B-3208, Lb. plantarum과 Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides ATCC 8293의 경우 생존률이 50% 이상으로 나타났으며, 특히 Lb. acidophilus DDS-1과 Lb. acidophilus B-3208의 경우에는 70% 정도의 높은 생존률을 나타내었다. 또한 젖산균주의 담즙산 내성에서는 Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 7962를 제외한 모든 균주가 3% oxgall이 함유된 MRS배지에서도 성장이 가능한 것으로 관찰되었다. 젖산균주의 장내 점착능 면에서 볼 때, Lb. acidophilus DDS-1, Lb. acidophilus B-3208과 Bifidobacterium bifidum KCTC 3357의 장내 점착능이 실험에 사용된 다른 젖산균주와 비교하여 우수하다고 관찰되었으며, 특히 Lb. acidophilus DDS-1과 B-3208의 장내점착능이 높게 나타났다. 젖산균주의 병원성균 억제능 실험의 결과, Lb. acidophilus DDS-1, Lb. acidophilus B-3208 및 B. bifidum KCTC 3357은 Staphylococcus aureus를 제외한 Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 59414, 그리고 Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 49313에 대해 높은 증식억제능을 나타내었다. 젖산균의 세포질 획분과 세포벽 획분을 대상으로 면역활성 실험을 실시한 결과, 장관면역 활성은 젖산균의 세포질 획분에서 양성 대조군으로 사용한 LPS와 같은 수준의 면역활성을 나타내었고, 특히 Lb. acidophilus속 균주들의 세포벽 획분의 장관 면역활성이 다른 균주보다 높게 나타났다. 한편 젖산균주의 세포질과 세포벽 성분에 대한 비장 림프구의 증식능은 대조군과 비슷한 수준으로 낮게 관찰되었으나, 이들의 대식 세포증식능은 세포벽 및 세포질 모두의 획분에서 대조군보다 높았으며 특히 세포벽 획분의 경우에는 양성대조군인 LPS 보다 높거나 유사한 정도의 높은 활성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로부터 시험 균주 중에서 Lb. acidophilus 균주인 DDS-1과 B-3208이 프로바이오틱스로서 요구되는 조건을 충족시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이들 균주의 상업적 이용 가능성을 재차 확인할 수 있었다.