• Title/Summary/Keyword: Beta Distribution

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Color Image Segmentation by statistical approach (확률적 방법을 통한 컬러 영상 분할)

  • Gang Seon-Do;Yu Heon-U;Jang Dong-Sik
    • Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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    • 2006.05a
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    • pp.1677-1683
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    • 2006
  • Color image segmentation is useful for fast retrieval in large image database. For that purpose, new image segmentation technique based on the probability of pixel distribution in the image is proposed. Color image is first divided into R, G, and B channel images. Then, pixel distribution from each of channel image is extracted to select to which it is similar among the well known probabilistic distribution function-Weibull, Exponential, Beta, Gamma, Normal, and Uniform. We use sum of least square error to measure of the quality how well an image is fitted to distribution. That P.d.f has minimum score in relation to sum of square error is chosen. Next, each image is quantized into 4 gray levels by applying thresholds to the c.d.f of the selected distribution of each channel. Finally, three quantized images are combined into one color image to obtain final segmentation result. To show the validity of the proposed method, experiments on some images are performed.

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Probability Distribution Characteristics for Elevated Temperature Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steels (스테인리스강의 고온 기계적 성질에 대한 확률분포 특성)

  • 김선진;곽명규;권상우;공유식
    • Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.64-69
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    • 2004
  • The characteristics of the probability distribution for mechanical properties, e.g. tensile strength, reduction of area, and elongation, for STS304 stainless steel in elevated temperature are investigated. Tensile test is performed by constant crosshead speed controls with 1mm/min. The probability distribution function of measured mechanical properties seems to follow $\alpha$ 3-parameter Weibull, and shows a slight dependence on the temperature. When the temperature is raised, the shape parameter a is increased, but both the scale parameter $\beta$ and location parameter v are decreased.

An Integrated Model of Static and Dynamic Measurement for Seat Discomfort

  • Daruis, Dian Darina Indah;Deros, Baba Md;Nor, Mohd Jailani Mohd;Hosseini, Mohammad
    • Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.185-190
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    • 2011
  • A driver interacts directly with the car seat at all times. There are ergonomic characteristics that have to be followed to produce comfortable seats. However, most of previous researches focused on either static or dynamic condition only. In addition, research on car seat development is critically lacking although Malaysia herself manufactures its own car. Hence, this paper integrates objective measurements and subjective evaluation to predict seat discomfort. The objective measurements consider both static and dynamic conditions. Steven's psychophysics power law has been used in which after expansion; ${\psi}\;=\;a+b{\varphi}_s^{\alpha}+c{\varphi}_v^{\beta}$ where ${\psi}$ is discomfort sensation, ${\varphi}_s^{\alpha}$ is static modality with exponent ${\alpha}$ and ${\varphi}_v^{\beta}$ is dynamic modality with exponent ${\beta}$. The subjects in this study were local and the cars used were Malaysian made compact car. Static objective measurement was the seat pressure distribution measurement. The experiment was carried out on the driver's seat in a real car with the engine turned off. Meanwhile, the dynamic objective measurement was carried out in a moving car on real roads. During pressure distribution and vibration transmissibility experiments, subjects were requested to evaluate their discomfort levels using vehicle seat discomfort survey questionnaire together with body map diagram. From subjective evaluations, seat pressure and vibration dose values exponent for static modality ${\alpha}$ = 1.51 and exponent for dynamic modality ${\beta}$ = 1.24 were produced. The curves produced from the $E_{q.s}$ showed better $R_{-sq}$ values (99%) when both static and dynamic modalities were considered together as compared to Eq. with single modality only (static or dynamic only R-Sq = 95%). In conclusion, car seat discomfort prediction gives better result when seat development considered both static and dynamic modalities; and using ergonomic approach.

Distribution and Activities of Hydrolytic Enzymes in the Rumen Compartments of Hereford Bulls Fed Alfalfa Based Diet

  • Lee, S.S.;Kim, C.-H.;Ha, J.K.;Moon, Y.H.;Choi, N.J.;Cheng, K.-J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.15 no.12
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    • pp.1725-1731
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    • 2002
  • The distribution and activities of hydrolytic enzymes (cellulolyti, hemicellulolytic,pectinolytic and others) in the rumen compartments of Hereford bulls fed 100% alfalfa hay based diets were evaluated. The alfalfa proportion in the diet was gradually increased for two weeks. Whole rumen contents were processed into four fractions: Rumen contents including both the liquid and solid fractions were homogenized and centrifuged, and the supernatant was assayed for enzymes located in whole rumen contents (WRE); rumen contents were centrifuged and the supernatant was assayed for enzymes located in rumen fluids (RFE); feed particles in rumen contents were separated manually, washed with buffer, resuspended in an equal volume of buffer, homogenized and centrifuged and supernatant was assayed for enzymes associated with feed particles (FAE); and rumen microbial cell fraction was separated by centrifugation, suspended in an equal volume of buffer, sonicated and centrifuged, and the supernatant was assayed for enzymes bound with microbial cells (CBE). It was found that polysaccharide-degrading proteins such as $\beta$-1,4-D-endoglucanase, $\beta$-1,4-D-exoglucanase, xylanase and pectinase enzymes were located mainly with the cell bound (CBE) fraction. However, $\beta$-D-glucosidase, $\beta$-D-fucosidase, acetylesterase, and $\alpha$-L-arabinofuranosidase were located in the rumen fluids (RFE) fraction. Protease activity distributions were 37.7, 22.1 and 40.2%, and amylase activity distributions were 51.6, 18.2 and 30.2% for the RFE, FAE and CBE fractions, respectively. These results indicated that protease is located mainly in rumen fluid and with microbial cells, whereas amylase was located mainly in the rumen fluid.

A Development of Summer Seasonal Rainfall and Extreme Rainfall Outlook Using Bayesian Beta Model and Climate Information (기상인자 및 Bayesian Beta 모형을 이용한 여름철 계절강수량 및 지속시간별 극치 강수량 전망 기법 개발)

  • Kim, Yong-Tak;Lee, Moon-Seob;Chae, Byung-Soo;Kwon, Hyun-Han
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.38 no.5
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    • pp.655-669
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    • 2018
  • In this study, we developed a hybrid forecasting model based on a four-parameter distribution which allows a simultaneous season-ahead forecasting for both seasonal rainfall and sub-daily rainfall in Han-River and Geum-River basins. The proposed model is mainly utilized a set of time-varying predictors and the associated model parameters were estimated within a Bayesian nonstationary rainfall frequency framework. The hybrid forecasting model was validated through an cross-validatory experiment using the recent rainfall events during 2014~2017 in both basins. The seasonal precipitation results showed a good agreement with the observations, which is about 86.3% and 98.9% in Han-River basin and Geum-River basin, respectively. Similarly, for the extreme rainfalls at sub-daily scale, the results showed a good correspondence between the observed and simulated rainfalls with a range of 65.9~99.7%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed model could be used to better consider climate variability at multiple time scales.

Thermodynamic Prediction of SiC Deposition in C3H8-SiCl4-H2 System (C3H8-SiCl4-H2 시스템에서의 탄화 실리콘 증착에 대한 열역학적인 해석)

  • Kim, Jun-Woo;Jeong, Seong-Min;Kim, Hyung-Tae;Kim, Kyung-Ja;Lee, Jong-Heun;Choi, Kyoon
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.48 no.3
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    • pp.236-240
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    • 2011
  • In order to deposit a homogeneous and uniform ${\beta}$-SiC films by chemical vapor deposition, we demonstrated the phase stability of ${\beta}$-SiC over graphite and silicon via computational thermodynamic calculation considering pressure, temperature and gas composition as variables. The ${\beta}$-SiC predominant region over other solid phases like carbon and silicon was changed gradually and consistently with temperature and pressure. Practically these maps provide necessary conditions for homogeneous ${\beta}$-SiC deposition of single phase. With the thermodynamic analyses, the CVD apparatus for uniform coating was modeled and simulated with computational fluid dynamics to obtain temperature and flow distribution in the CVD chamber. It gave an inspiration for the uniform temperature distribution and low local flow velocity over the deposition chamber. These calculation and model simulation could provide milestones for improving the thickness uniformity and phase homogeneity.

Estimation of Cardinal Temperatures for Germination of Seeds from the Common Ice Plant Using Bilinear, Parabolic, and Beta Distribution Models

  • Cha, Mi-Kyung;Park, Kyoung Sub;Cho, Young-Yeol
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.236-241
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    • 2016
  • The common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) has some medicinal uses and recommended plant in closed-type plant factory. The objective of this study was to estimate the cardinal temperatures for seed germination of the common ice plant using bilinear, parabolic, and beta distribution models. Seeds of the common ice plant were germinated in the dark in a growth chamber at four constant temperatures: 16, 20, 24, and $28^{\circ}C$. For this, four replicates of 100 seeds were placed on two layers of filter paper in a 9-cm petri dish and radicle emergence of 0.1 mm was scored as germination. The times to 50% germination were 4.3, 2.5, 2.0, and 1.8 days at 16, 20, 24, and $28^{\circ}C$, respectively, indicating that the germination of this warm-weather crop increased with temperature. Next, the time course of germination was modeled using a logistic function. For the selection of an accurate model, seeds were germinated in the dark at constant temperatures of 6, 12, 32, and $36^{\circ}C$. Germination started earlier and increased rapidly at temperatures above $20^{\circ}C$. The minimum, optimal, and maximum temperatures were estimated by regression of the inverse of time to 50% germination rate, as a function of the temperature gradient. The different functions estimated differing minimum, optimal and maximum temperatures, with 5.7, 27.7, and $36.5^{\circ}C$, respectively for the bilinear function, 13.4, 25.0, and $36.6^{\circ}C$, respectively, for the parabolic function and 7.8, 25.9, and $36.0^{\circ}C$, respectively, for the beta distribution function. The models estimated that the inverse of time to 50% germination rate was 0 at 6 and $36^{\circ}C$. The observed final germination rates at 12 and $32^{\circ}C$ were 62 and 97%, respectively. Our data show that a beta distribution function provides a useful model for estimating the cardinal temperatures for germination of seed from the common ice plant.

A Three-Dimensiomal Slope Stability Analysis in Probabilistic Solution (3차원(次元) 사면(斜面) 안정해석(安定解析)에 관한 확률론적(確率論的) 연구(研究))

  • Kim, Young Su
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.75-83
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    • 1984
  • The probability of failure is used to analyze the reliability of three dimensional slope failure, instead of conventional factor of safety. The strength parameters are assumed to be normal variated and beta variated. These are interval estimated under the specified confidence level and maximum likelihood estimation. The pseudonormal and beta random variables are generated using the uniform probability transformation method according to central limit theorem and rejection method. By means of a Monte-Carlo Simulation, the probability of failure is defined as; $P_f=M/N$ N: Total number of trials M: Total number of failures Some of the conclusions derived. from the case study include; 1. Three dimensional factors of safety are generally much higher than 2-D factors of safety. However situations appear to exist where the 3-D factor of safety can be lower than the 2-D factor of safety. 2. The $F_3/F_2$ ratio appears to be quite sensitive to c and ${\phi}$ and to the shape of the 3-D shear surface and the slope but not to be to the unit weight of soil. 3. From the two models (normal, beta) considered for the distribution of the factor of safety, the beta distribution generally provides lager than normal distribution. 4. Results obtained using the beta and normal models are presented in a nomgraph relating slope height and slop angle to probability of failure.

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Altered PLCβ-1 expression in the gerbil hippocampal complex following spontaneous seizure

  • Lee, Saet-Byeol;Oh, Yun-Jung;Chung, Jae-Kwang;Jeong, Ji-Heon;Lee, Sang-Duk;Park, Dae-Kyoon;Park, Kyung-Ho;Ko, Jeong-Sik;Kim, Duk-Soo
    • BMB Reports
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    • v.44 no.9
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    • pp.566-571
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    • 2011
  • Although the phospholipase C (PLC)${\beta}$-1 isoform is associated with spontaneous seizure and distinctively expressed in the telencephalon, the distribution of PLC${\beta}$-1 expression in the epileptic gerbil hippocampus remains controversial. Therefore, we determined whether PLC${\beta}$-1 is associated with spontaneous seizure in an animal model of genetic epilepsy. In the present study, PLC${\beta}$-1 immunoreactivity was down-regulated in seizure-sensitive (SS) gerbils more than in seizure-resistant (SR) gerbils. The expression of PLC${\beta}$-1 within calretinin (CR)-positive neurons was rarely detected within the dentate hilar region of SS gerbils. PLC${\beta}$-1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus was significantly elevated as compared to that in pre-seizure SS gerbil 3 h post-ictal. These findings suggest that alterations in PLC${\beta}$-1 immunoreactivity in the SS gerbil hippocampus may be closely related to the epileptic state of the gerbil brain and transiently elevated PLC${\beta}$-1 protein levels following seizure episodes. Such alterations may be compensatory responses in the SS gerbil hippocampus.

Changes of Isoflavone Distribution in Soybeans Using Almond Powder (아몬드 첨가에 의한 대두의 이소플라본 특성 변화 연구)

  • Yang, Seung-Ok;Chang, Pahn-Shick;Baek, Bong-Kwon;Hong, Sung-Dae;Lee, Jae-Hwan
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.39 no.3
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    • pp.231-236
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    • 2007
  • The isoflavone distributions of soy samples treated with soaking, oven-drying, and almond additions were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Oven-drying was performed to increase the amount of ${\beta}-glucoside$ isoflavones, and almonds were added to convert the ${\beta}-glucosides$ into their corresponding aglycones. Oven-drying at $100^{\circ}C$ for 4 hr significantly increased ${\beta}-glucoside$ levels and decreased $malonyl-{\beta}-glucosides$, while almond additions of 2.5% and 5.0% (w/w) significantly increased aglycone contents (p<0.05) for samples with 12 hr of drying. The rate of increase for genistein from genistin was faster than that of daidzein from daidzin with almond additions. The ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activity in the 5.0% added almond soybean samples was significantly higher than in the samples without added almond (p<0.05). The aglycone content increased from 1.62% in the raw soybeans to 61.55% in the 2.5% added almond soybean samples for 12 hr of incubation. The information from this study could be used to increase the isoflavone aglycone contents of soybeans by using natural products such as almonds, without organic solvent additions or microorganism fermentation.