• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.78-78
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• 2003

Purpose: This event related fMRI study was to further our understanding about how different brain regions could contribute to effective access of specific information stored in long term memory. This experiment has allowed us to determine the brain regions involved in recognition of familiar faces among non familiar faces. Materials and Methods: Twelve right handed normal, healthy volunteer adults participated in face recognition experiment. The paradigm consists of two 40 familiar faces, 40 unfamiliar faces and control base with scrambled faces in a randomized order, with null events. Volunteers were instructed to press on one of two possible buttons of a response box to indicate whether a face was familiar or not. Incorrect answers were ignored. A 1.5T MRI system(GMENS) was employed to evaluate brain activity by using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast. Gradient Echo EPI sequence with TR/TE= 2250/40 msec was used for 17 contiguous axial slices of 7mm thickness, covering the whole brain volume (240mm Field of view, 64 ${\times}$ 64 in plane resolution). The acquired data were applied to SPM99 for the processing such as realignment, normalization, smoothing, statistical ANOVA and statistical preference. Results/Disscusion: The comparison of familiar faces vs unfamiliar faces yielded significant activations in the medial temporal regions, the occipito temporal regions and in frontal regions. These results suggest that when volunteers are asked to recognize familiar faces among unfamiliar faces they tend to activate several regions frequently involved in face perception. The medial temporal regions are also activated for familiar and unfamiliar faces. This interesting result suggests a contribution of this structure in the attempt to match perceived faces with pre existing semantic representations stored in long term memory.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.19
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• pp.5-18
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• 2006

The Mireuksaji stone pagoda of the Iksan was built in Muwang King of Baekjae Kingdom and has maintained its present status through several rebuilding process. Recently, the structural unbalance of the pagoda has worsened, so for scientific maintenance recovery of its original pagoda form, the pagoda is under dismantling process. The original form of this pagoda is being presumed to be a plane square pagoda of nine stories, though only a portion of six stories remains until today. The destroyed part from collapse was liked in insecure pagoda form by Japanese in year of 1915. On the surface of the stone which has gone through the present time, efflorescence appeared as precipitation substance over crusted and due to this phenomenon, the structure and color of thee original stone haven't been preserved. Therefore, quantitative analysis on its kind, emitted status and contamination type of secondary inorganic contamination substance of the over crusted surface were analyzed. Also through reaction experiments, contamination type was defined and tests have been applied to find the requirements that will wash out the contaminants. The result of this study will provide the base of quantitative analysis on the kind of inorganic contamination of the surface of stone assets, and it shall also contribute to the application of scientific maintenance recovery of surface cleaner for efflorescence.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.1044-1050
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• 2010

Endoscopic ultrasonography is a medical procedure in endoscopy combined with ultrasound to obtain images of the internal organs. It is useful to have a predictive pathological manifestation since a doctor can observe tumors under mucosa. However, it is often subjective to judge the degree of malignant degeneration of tumors. Thus, in this paper, we propose a feature analysis procedure to make the pathological manifestation more objective so as to improve the accuracy and recall of the diagnosis. In the process, we extract the ultrasound region from the image obtained by endoscopic ultrasonography. It is necessary to standardize the intensity of this region with the intensity of water region as a base since frequently found small intensity difference is only to be inefficient in the analysis. Then, we analyze the spot region with high echo and calcium deposited region by applying LVQ algorithm and bit plane partitioning procedure to tumor regions selected by medical expert. For detailed analysis, features such as intensity value, intensity information included within two random points chosen by medical expert in tumor region, and the slant of outline of tumor region in order to decide the degree of malignant degeneration. Such procedure is proven to be helpful for medical experts in tumor analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.390-397
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• 2009

Endoscopic ultrasonography is a medical procedure in endoscopy combined with ultrasound to obtain images of the internal organs. It is useful to have a predictive pathological manifestation since a doctor can observe tumors under mucosa. However, it is often subjective to judge the degree of malignant degeneration of tumors. Thus, in this paper, we propose a feature analysis procedure to make the pathological manifestation more objective so as to improve the accuracy and recall of the diagnosis. In the process, we extract the ultrasound region from the image obtained by endoscopic ultrasonography. It is necessary to standardize the intensity of this region with the intensity of water region as a base since frequently found small intensity difference is only to be inefficient in the analysis. Then, we analyze the spot region with high echo and calcium deposited region by applying LVQ algorithm and bit plane partitioning procedure to tumor regions selected by medical expert. For detailed analysis, features such as intensity value, intensity information included within two random points chosen by medical expert in tumor region, and the slant of outline of tumor region in order to decide the degree of malignant degeneration. Such procedure is proven to be helpful for medical experts in tumor analysis.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.5 s.52
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• pp.557-566
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• 1995

Postpubertal craniofacial growth changes were assessed from serial lateral cephalograms taken at which subjects were 16 and 18 years of age. The sample consisted of 19 male and 14 female subjects with no previous orthodontic treatment who had normal occlusion. The craniofacial growth changes of these samples during this study period might be summarized as follows 1. Significant increase in mean maxillary and mandibular length, cranial base length, posterior md anterior facial height were observed at the age period studied in male(P<0.05), however, in female significant increase was observed only mandibular length(Ar-Gn, Ar-Go) and anterior and posterior facial height(P<0.05). 2. Total growth increment of all measumenats were below 1mm in female, but in male, total mandibular(Ar-Gn) growth increment was 2.0mm and those of mandibular tody length, ram length, posterior facial height, and anteior facial height were 1 to 1.54mm and the others were below 1mm 3. A closing, forward rotation of the mandible occured with a significant decrease in mandibular plane angle of $0.61^{\circ}$ in male(P<0.01). 4. Summarized the findings, even though statistically significant growth changes in some dimensions of female were observed, the amount of growth change were very small, however, in male the growth changes of some dimensions associated with mandible were significant and considerable amount.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.457-463
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• 2011

Introduction: This study evaluate the soft tissue changes to the upper lip and nose after Le Fort I maxillary posterosuperior rotational movement. Materials and Methods: Twenty Skeletal class III patients, who had undergone bimaxillary surgery with a maxillary Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy, were included in the study. The surgical plan for maxilla was posterosuperior rotational movement, with the rotation center in the anterior nasal spine (ANS) of maxilla. Soft and hard tissue changes were measured by evaluating the lateral cephalograms obtained prior to surgery and at least 6 months after surgery. For cephalometric analysis, four hard tissue landmarks ANS, posterior nasal spine [PNS], A point, U1 tip), and five soft tissue landmarks (pronasale [Pn], subnasale [Sn], A' Point, upper lip [UL], stomion superius [StmS]) were marked. A paired t test, Pearson's correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were used to evaluate the soft and hard tissue changes and assess the correlation. A P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The U1 tip moved $2.52{\pm}1.54$ mm posteriorly in the horizontal plane (P<0.05). Among the soft tissue landmarks, Pn moved $0.97{\pm}1.1$ mm downward (P<0.05), UL moved $1.98{\pm}1.58$ mm posteriorly (P<0.05) and $1.18{\pm}1.85$ mm inferiorly (P<0.05), and StmS moved $1.68{\pm}1.48$ mm posteriorly (P<0.05) and $1.06{\pm}1.29$ mm inferiorly (P<0.05). The ratios of horizontal soft tissue movement to the hard tissue were 1:0.47 for the A point and A' point, and 1:0.74 for the U1 tip and UL. Vertically, the movement ratio between the A point and A' point was 1:0.38, between U1 tip and UL was 1:0.83, and between U1 tip and StmS was 1:0.79. Conclusion: Posterosuperior rotational movement of the maxilla in Le Fort I osteotomy results in posterior and inferior movement of UL. In addition, nasolabial angle was increased. Nasal tip and base of the nose showed a tendency to move downward and showed significant horizontal movement. The soft tissue changes in the upper lip and nasal area are believed to be induced by posterior movement at the UL area.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.38-48
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• 2010

Adverse weather (e.g. strong winds, snow and ice) will probably appear as a more serious and frequent threat to road traffic than in clear climate. Another consequence of climate change with a natural disastrous on road traffic is respond to traffic accident more the large and high-rise bridge zone, tunnel zone, inclined plane zone and de-icing zone than any other zone, which in turn calls for continuous adaption of monitoring procedures. Accident mitigating measures against this accident category may consist of intense winter maintenance, the use of road weather information systems for data collection and early warnings, road surveillance and traffic control. While hazard from reduced road friction due to snow and ice may be eliminated by snow removal and de-icing measures, the effect of strong winds on road traffic are not easily avoided. The purpose of the study described here, was to design of amber information the relationship between traffic safety, weather, user information on road weather and driving conditions in local-scale Geographic. The most applications are the optimization of the amber information definition, improvements to road surveillance, road weather monitoring and improved accuracy of user information delivery. Also, statistics on wind gust, surface condition, vehicle category and other relevant parameters for wind induced accidents provide basis for traffic control, early warning policies and driver education for improved road safety at bad weather-exposed locations.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.305-315
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the changes of head posture according to natural standing or sitting posture. Twenty seven healthy dental students without any signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders participated in this study. Cervical resting posture (CRP) of the head in sagittal plane was measured by Cervical-Range-of-Motion $^\textregistered$(CROM, U.S.A.) and lateral cephalograph was taken in natural posture. The items related to angle in cephalograph were the angles of cranial and cervical inclination to true vertical line(VER/NSL, VER/AML), the angles of cervical inclination to nasion-sella line(CVT/NSL, OPT/NSL), the angles of comical inclination to horizontal line(CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR), the angle of cervical lordosis(CVT/OPT). The items related to line measurement were the distance from subocciput to Cl(Dl), Cl to C2(D2), C2 to C3(D3), C3 to C4(D4), the upper(PNS to posterior pharyngeal wall) and the lower(tongue base to posterior pharyngeal wall) pharyngeal space, the distance from nation to mention(Na-Me), and the radius of comical curvature from the first comical vertebra(Cl ) to the fifth cervical vertebra(C5). The data were analyzed with SAS/STAT program. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Most items related to angular measurement showed significant difference between in standing and sitting posture. The angles of CRP, CVT/NSL, OPT/NSL, CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR, and CVT/OPT were high in sitting posture, but the angles of VER/NSL, VER/NSL were low in sitting posture. 2. In vertebral distance, only the distance between C3 and C4 was differed by the posture, which decreased in sitting posture. In sitting posture, the distance from nasion to menton(Na-Me) was longer, but the radius was shorter than in standing posture. 3. Correlationship in angular measurements was almost same in both postures. Ceervical resting posture(CRP) was correlated with VER/NSL, VER\ulcornerNSL was correlated with CRP, CVT/NSL, and OPT/NSL, VER/AML was correlated with CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR, CVT/OPT, and the angle of cervical lordosis(CVT/OPT) was correlated with the radius. 4. Correlationship in linear measurement was observed only in among D3, D4, and radius. And the Na-Me was not correlated with any other items. From this results, The author concluded that the head posture in sitting was mote backward extended than in standing.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.221-231
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• 2015

Precambrian Jirisan gneiss complex suffered retrograde metamorphism ranging from granulite facies to the amphibolite facies and/or greenschist facies. Intrusive anorthositic rocks in gneiss complex are influenced by late metamorphism. Mafic mineral in anorthositic rock composed mainly of amphiboles, which can anticipate the information about metamorphic conditions and metamorphic facies. Amphiboles from anorthositic rock show subhedral to anhedral in shape and mostly blueish green and/or green in colour in plane polarized light. Some of brownish amphiboles show zonal texture with brownish to blueish green in color from core to rim. Reaction parts in clinopyroxene which exchange with amphibole. It suggests retrograde metamorphism and/or alteration. Amphiboles composing anorthositic rocks can be classified into two types depending on the size and occurrence of amphibole. The first type is microcrystalline amphibole occurring matrix [Group I: ferrohornblende]. The second type is amphibole with 1 mm or larger in size, which is usually occurred in the boundary between opaque mineral and plagioclase [Group II: ferropargasite]. Electron microscopic analyses base on the $Al^{vi}$ composition in amphiboles suggest that the metamorphic pressure of anorthositic rock was low with 5 kbar or less. Ti compositional range in amphibole and representing hornblende+ plagioclase+garnet+biotite+chlorite mineral assemblage suggest that metamorphic facies of anorthositic rock is in amphibolite facies.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.317-332
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• 2004

Wind tunnel experiments were conducted under highly turbulent and disturbed flow conditions over a solid/perforated plate with a long splitter plate in its plane of symmetry. The effect of varied level of perforation of the normal plate on fluctuating velocities and fluctuating pressures measured across and along the separation bubble was studied. The different perforation levels of the normal plate; that is 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% are studied. The Reynolds number based on step height was varied from $4{\times}10^3$ to $1.2{\times}10^4$. The shape and size of the bubble vary with different perforation level of the normal plate that is to say the bubble is reduced both in height and length up to 30% perforation level. For higher perforation of the normal plate, bubble is completely swept out. The peak turbulence value occurs around 0.7 to 0.8 times the reattachment length. The turbulence intensity values are highest for the case of solid normal plate (bleed air is absent) and are lowest for the case of 50% perforation of the normal plate (bleed air is maximum in the present study). From the analysis of data it is observed that $\sqrt{\overline{u^{{\prime}2}}}/(\sqrt{\overline{u^{{\prime}2}}})_{max}$, (the ratio of RMS velocity fluctuation to maximum RMS velocity fluctuation), is uniquely related with dimensionless distance y/Y', (the ratio of distance normal to splitter plate to the distance where RMS velocity fluctuation is half its maximum value) for all the perforated normal plates. It is interesting to note that for 50% perforation of the normal plate, the RMS pressure fluctuation in the flow field gets reduced to around 60% as compared to that for solid normal plate. Analysis of the results show that the ratio [$C^{\prime}_p$ max/$-C_{pb}(1-{\eta})$], where $C^{\prime}_p$ max is the maximum coefficient of fluctuating pressure, $C_{pb}$ is the coefficient of base pressure and ${\eta}$ is the perforation level (ratio of open to total area), for surface RMS pressure fluctuation levels seems to be constant and has value of about 0.22. Similar analysis show that the ratio $[C^{\prime}_p$ max/$-C_{pb}(1-{\eta})]$ for flow field RMS pressure fluctuation levels seems to be constant and has a value of about 0.32.