• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.5-11
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• 2015

The study examined the socio-economic factors influencing the participation of rural farming households in barter trade in Ondo State, Nigeria. The objectives were to compare the socio-economic characteristics of the participants and non-participants in barter trade, analyze the preference for barter trade and identify the constraints to it. Also, the factors affecting respondents' participation in barter trade were identified. Empirical results indicated that there were significant differences in the socio-economic characteristics of the participants and non-participants in barter trade. The SWOT analysis showed that possession of agrarian attributes by the locality where the trade is practiced was the strongest factor ensuring the survival of barter in the study area. Double coincidence of wants was found to be the most prevailing weakness associated with barter while the major reason for participation by some households was that the quantity of commodities received is usually higher compared with cash transactions. Transportation cost to barter markets was found to be the greatest threat to the continued existence of barter trade in the area. The results of the Probit model showed that age, household size, transportation cost to cash markets, farm size, distance to barter markets, and formal education significantly affected the probability participating in barter trade.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2021.07a
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• pp.527-528
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 사용자에게 편의성을 제공하며 기존 물물거래 시스템의 단점을 보완한 웹기반의 물물교환 시스템을 제안한다. 대부분 사람들이 중고거래나 필요 없는 물품에 대해 판매를 하는 목적은 자신에게 필요 없는 물건을 처리하고 필요한 물건을 구매하기 위해서이다. 이러한 사용자들의 관점에서 보았을 때, 필요한 물건을 얻기까지의 과정이 장시간 걸린다는 단점이 있으며, 사람들이 필요 없는 물건을 버려 낭비되고 과소비되는 경우도 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결해서 필요 없는 물건을 필요로 하는 사람과 물물교환을 하여 불필요한 소비를 줄이고 필요한 제품을 서로 쉽게 찾고 교환할 수 있도록 사용자에게 편의성을 제공하는 물물교환 시스템을 제안한다.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.233-244
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• 2020

We are exposed to video content and numerous information from digital signage such as convenience stores, coffee shops, restaurants, and elevators on buses and subways 365 days. However, so far, studies have focused solely on the technical effectiveness of digital signage or the consumer experience aspect of digital signage, and little has been done on the impact of teaser advertising on the intent of viewing. Through this study, we hope that the digital signage of convenience stores will develop into a differentiated digital signage area that provides diverse video content experiences to consumers and viewers and allows them to communicate, suggesting a direction as a research that shows that digital content (video) is now recognized as a product in an environment where demand for non-face-to-face and digital content is gradually increasing in 2020 after the global COVID 19.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.123-134
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• 2021

This paper suggests that the Internet is not free through analysis of U.S. Internet history and lawsuits related to the Charter merger in 2016. Generally speaking, the players in internet connectivity market agree to Non-Disclosure Agreement, when connecting their facilities and networks each other. So, I adopted the case study & analysis as research methodologies due to limitation of collecting the transaction data between them. The former finds that Internet access has never been free in U.S Internet history. As we know, some including Content Providers(CPs) argue that the Internet is a free network and there are many cases to use the internet for free, so they came to conclusion that ISPs have no right to charge the users like CPs. This study refutes these arguments in two ways. One is that using the internet has never been free. From ARPANET, known as the beginning of the U.S. Internet, to the commercialization of backbone, no Internet has been considered or implemented for free since the early Internet network was devised. Also, the U.S government was paying subsidies or institutions were paying fees to secure network operations for the NSFNET backbone. the other is that "free peering" refers to barter transactions between ISPs, not to free access to counterpart internet networks. Second, this study analyze the FCC' executive order of conditioned merger approval and the court's related ruling and verify that using the internet is not free. According to the analysis, this study finds that it's real situation to make paid settlements between ISP-CPs (including OTTs) in the US Internet market at the moment. This study concludes that the Internet has never been free in terms of its technical characteristics, network structure, network operation, and system. Also it proposes how to improve the domestic settlement system between ISPs-CPs in terms of policy and regulation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.201-208
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• 2020

Terms of trade is an important indicator of the welfare gains from international trade to the exporting country. Terms of trade of oil-exporting countries are hypothesized to depend primarily on oil prices. The study assesses the relation between oil prices and the terms of trade of Saudi Arabia. The study uses the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method to determine the cointegration between the country's terms of trade and oil prices for the period 2000-2018. The data for net barter terms of trade is taken from World Development Indicators and oil price is taken from Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency. The results show that oil prices and terms of trade are cointegrated and any disequilibrium between the two variables is corrected by 35% in a year. The study also reports a positive relationship between the two items, both in the short run and long run. Diagnostic tests indicate the model to be fit. The results suggest that, for a primarily oil-producing country like Saudi Arabia, the terms of trade depend on oil prices. The study fills the gap in the literature on the study of terms of trade for Saudi Arabia for the last few years, where there has been a high volatility in oil prices.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.703-719
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• 2007

The purpose of this study were to analyze the consumption patterns of animal foods during the sixteenth century through Shamirok. There were eleven animal foods : beef, pork, chicken, pheasant, deer, roe, lamb, bear, fox, sparrow, and horse. The most frequently consumed were in the order of pheasant, doe, and chicken. There were 44 fish consumed, including flatfish, hairtail, mackerel, flounder, kumlin fish, bass, null fish, codfish, and red snapper, as well as four mollusks and six shellfish. Eggs and fish egg were also consumed. These foods were cooked as Tang(湯), Gui(灸), Po(脯), Hoe(膾), and Sookyook(熟肉), or processed after being dried or salted. The animal foods were mostly consumed as Po and Tang in daily eating and for formal dishes. Fish were mostly consumed as Jockgal or Shikhae. The foods were primarily acquired by donation from local officials or relatives ; secondly by independent poultry farming, fishing, or hunting, along with the production of grain and thirdly through barter with rice and textiles. Food were sometimes traded for profit, but such acts of trading while living ; as wartime refugees was a meager means for living.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1727-1738
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• 2021

Objective: This review consolidates the available information on the socio-economic and ecological significance of Mithun in the lives of ethnic communities in the Eastern Himalaya. Methods: Standard guidelines were followed for the review and data collection was carried out at three stages; literature search, literature screening, and literature review and analysis. Results: Records indicate a long association of Mithun with the ethnic groups. Mithun serves as a symbol of pride and local currency for barter trade in the ethnic society. Its utilities range from being used as a bride price to settling legal disputes. Several cultural festivals and local ceremonies are celebrated around this bovine. Due to its semi-wild nature, this animal also has an ecological role to conserve broad leaf sub-tropical forests. However, it remains neglected and has not received policy attention, leading to a stagnated growth. The institutions for Mithun research and development are also weak. Furthermore, the species is under threat from new diseases and habitat alteration triggered by climate change. Conclusion: Founded on the current state of knowledge, there is a need for institutional development, strengthening institutional linkages, and promoting regional cooperation among Mithun rearing countries for further research and development of this unique cattle.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to activate the disposition behaviour of dealing with the recyclable clothes by using the primary causes related to the behaviour. The summary of the outcome of this research is as follows. First. the attitude of girl students toward the consumption of their clothes is of great value. It presents the attitudes toward both the internal incentive and the external incentive are of great value and the attitude toward the external incentive has a little higher level than the attitude toward the internal incentive does : the altruistic behaviour of high school girls who tend to simply give or donate their clothes to their relatives or neighbors has a higher level than the economic behaviour by barter or sale at second-hand. Second. there's a positive correlation between the attitude toward the consumption of clothes and the altruistic behaviour in dealing with clothes and there is not a significant correlation between the attitude toward the consumption of clothes and the economic behaviour. The attitude toward the internal incentive has a positive correlation with the altruistic disposition. This research shows that there's a positive correlation between the attitude toward the external incentive and the economic disposition behaviour and the altruistic disposition behaviour. Third. the relative power of influence of the related variables that have an effect on the altruistic disposition behaviour shows that the attitude toward the internal incentive comes first and the personal contact with the information comes second. the attitude toward the consumption of clothes comes third and the existence of mother's job comes last in order of influence. The relative power of influence of the related variables that have an effect on the economic disposition behaviour shows that grades and the attitude toward the external incentive comes first and the existence of siblings comes next in order of influence.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.189-200
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• 2005

Paper currency is a cultural symbol sign representing identity of a nation as well as a tool of barter system and a measure of value. The purpose of this study is to analyze the design characteristics shown in the pattern of the paper currencies of advanced countries and Korea and to make comparative analysis of the image type of each nation as a cultural code. The results show that 1) the usability of paper currency design was evaluated by denominations, size type, color, braille system and the paper currencies of Switzerland and EU were judged superior to those of the other counties. 2) The national image type represented paper currencies was classified as 'state oriented type' and 'culture & art oriented type'. The countries of Korea, U.S.A, Japan etc. have on the paper currencies the ruling class who contributed to organizing the national system foundation emphasizing their nationalism. In the case of European countries, their paper currencies reveal a variety of citizen who have contributed to art, science, music, architecture without distinction of gender and this fact puts an emphasis on egalitarianism and equality of both senders and importance or cultural art. 3) Paper currency design of Switzerland, Netherlands, France, U.K. was visualized as an art work with utilization of work-type subject, brilliant color, CG technique, unique layout etc. This study provides us with a valuable opportunity to examine the present state of the Korean paper currencies design in Comparison With those of the world's advanced countries. It is expected that this study could be a resource material for new paper currency design and emphasize the importance of the paper currencies representing a national image as a cultural design.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 2021

Labor contracts appear in form as an exchange relationship between labor products and wages, but since they transcend the level of simple barter, they can be economically identified as "trading" and can be identified as "rental." From a legal point of view, a legal device that legally supports and imposes binding force on commodity exchange relations is a contract. Such a labor contract led to a relationship in which wages were received and a certain amount of time was placed under the direction and supervision of the employer as a counter benefit to the receipt of wages. Since working hours are subordinate hours with one's labor under the disposition authority of the employer, long hours of work can be done for the health and safety of workers and furthermore, it can be an act that violates the value to enjoy as a human being. The reduction of working hours needs to be shortened in terms of productivity and enjoyment of workers' culture so that they can expand and reproduce, but users' corporate management labor and production activities should also be compatible compared to those pursued by capitalist countries. Working hours can be seen as individual time and time in society as a whole, and long hours of work at the individual level are reduced, which is undesirable at the individual level, but an increase in products due to an increase in production time at the social level can help social development. It is necessary to consider working hours in terms of finding the balance between these individual and social levels. If the regulation method of working hours was to regulate the total amount of working hours, flexibility and elasticity of working hours are a qualitative regulation method that allows companies to flexibly allocate and organize working hours within a certain range of up to 52 hours per week. Accordingly, it is necessary to shorten working hours, but expand and implement the flexible working hours system according to the situation of the company. To this end, it is necessary to flexibly operate the flexible working hours system, which is currently limited to six months, handle the selective working hours by agreement between employers and workers, and expand the target work of discretionary working hours according to the development of information and communication technology and new types based on the 4th industrial revolution.