• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 2013

Bacterial diseases in soybean are bacterial pustule by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines, wildfire by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, bacterial blight by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycines and bacterial brown spot by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Korea. It is difficult to identify each disease by early symptoms in fields, because the initial symptoms of these diseases are very similar to each other. In this study, we developed multiplex PCR detection method for rapid and accurate diagnosis of bacterial diseases. The glycinecin A of X. axonopodis pv. glycines, the tabtoxin of P. syringae pv. tabaci, the coronatine of P. savastanoi pv. glycines and the syringopeptin of P. syringae pv. syringae have been reported previously. These bacteriocin or phytotoxin producing genes were targeted to design the specific diagnostic primers. The primer pairs for diagnosis of each bacterial diseases were selected without nonspecific reactions. The studies on simultaneous diagnosis method were also conducted with primarily selected 21 primers. As a result, we selected PCR primer sets for multiplex PCR. Sizes of the amplified PCR products using the multiplex PCR primer set consist of 280, 355, 563 and 815 bp, respectively. This multiplex PCR method provides a efficient, sensitive and rapid tool for the diagnosis of the bacterial diseases in soybean.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.282-287
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• 2011

Bacterial pustule (BP) is a leaf disease of soybean that is most common in Korea. Inoculation of 8ra, pathogen strain, to resistant and susceptible cultivars for finding the BP resistance gene (rxp) was much tried but the sequence of the exact gene is not found. This research performed in order to confirm the rxp gene near molecular marker by using the resistant and susceptible cultivars. Soybean BP resistance gene which related to region of near molecular marker could select the resistant cultivar. For the near molecular marker of rxp, reference genomics data available at sequenced Phytozome was used for designing molecular markers. The rxp was mapped between Satt372 and Satt486 on chromosome 17. According to previous study, rxp released in find mapping 7.2 Mbp to 7.3 Mbp on chromosome 17. In this study, we developed 3 random markers near from 6.6 Mbp to 7.3 Mbp on chromosome 17 identified to increase the genetic resolution of the rxp gene region using resistant and susceptible cultivars. Particularly, Rxp17-700 marker was mostly coincided resistance and susceptible genotype to rxp. This result suggests that Rxp17-700 marker will be more tightly linked to rxp gene.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.456-462
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• 2009

Bacterial pustule (BP), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines, is prevalent disease in major soybean production areas. BP can reduce seed yield as well as seed quality. To identify the genomic region associated with the resistance to BP, QTL analysis was conducted using $F_{10}$ RIL (recombinant inbred lines) population, Keunolkong${\times}$Shinpaldalkong. Four QTLs for BP disease were identified on the linkage group B2, D2, I and K in field accounts for 36.4% of the phenotypic variation. Especially, QTL at near of Satt135 on LG D2 was identified in green house experiment explaining 20.9% of the phenotypic variation was found to be a major QTL conferring BP. One of these QTLs, Satt135 on the LG D2, was also identified in green house experiment. In both field and green house condition, the position of major QTL for BP was detected between Satt135 and Satt397 on the LG D2. The major QTL for BP may be used for minimizing soybean BP through effective marker-assisted selection (MAS).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.334-334
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• 2005

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.429-433
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• 2004

A single recessive gene, rxp, controls the bacterial leaf pustule (BLP) resistance in soybean and in our previous article, it has been mapped on linkage group (LG) D2 of molecular genetic map of soybean. A total of 130 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross between BLP-resistant SS2-2 and BLP-susceptible Jangyeobkong were used to identify molecular markers linked to rxp. Fifteen simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers on LG D2 were screened to construct a genetic map of rxp locus. Only four SSR markers, Satt135, Satt372, Satt448, and Satt486, showed parental polymorphisms. Using these markers, genetic scaffold map was constructed covering 26.2cM. Based on the single analysis of variance, Satt372 among these four SSR markers was the most significantly associated with the resistance to BLP. To develop new amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker linked to the resistance gene, bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was employed. Resistance and susceptible bulks were made by pooling equal amount of genomic DNAs from ten of each in the segregating population. A total of 192 primer combinations were used to identify specific bands to the resistance, selecting three putative AFLP markers. These AFLP markers produced the fragment present in SS2-2 and the resistant bulk, and not in Jangyeobkong and the susceptible bulk. Linkage analysis revealed that McctEact97 $(P=0.0004,\;R^2=14.67\%)$ was more significant than Satt372, previously reported as the most closely linked marker.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.147-158
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• 2007

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines(Xag) is a pathogen that causes bacterial leaf pustule(BLP) disease in soybeans grown in Korea and the southern United States. Typical and early symptoms of the disease are small, yellow to brown lesions with raised pustules that develop into large necrotic lesions leading to a substantial loss in yield due to premature defoliation. After Xag infects PI 96188, only pustules without chlorotic haloes were observed, indicating the different response to Xag. To identify differentially expressed genes prior to and 24 hr after Xag inoculation to PI 96188 and BLP-resistant SS2-2, an oligonucleotide macroarray was constructed with 100 genes related to disease resistance and metabolism from soybean and Arabidopsis. After cDNAs from each genotype were applied on the oligonucleotide macroarrays with three replicates and dye swapping, 36 and 81 genes were expressed as significantly different between 0 hr and 24 hr in PI 96188 and SS2-2, respectively. Six UniGenes, such as the leucine-rich repeat protein precursor or 14-3-3-like protein, were selected because they down-regulated in PI 96188 and up-regulated in SS2-2 after Xag infection, simultaneously. Using tubulin and cDNA of Jangyeobkong(BLP-susceptible) as controls, the oligonucleotide macroarray data concurred with quantitative real-time RT-PCR(QRT RT-PCR) results in most cases, supporting the accuracy of the oligonucleotide macroarray experiments. Also, QRT RT-PCR data suggested six candidate genes that might be involved in a necrotic response to Xag in PI 96188.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.176-182
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• 2010

Occurrence of plant diseases is dependent on various factors in the agricultural system. Due to recent extensive environmental climate changes, i.e. global warming, agricultural systems such as planting dates and cultivars are being affected. Gradual transition in disease occurrence and incidence in the agricultural fields can also be affected by direct and/or indirect environmental changes. In this study, we evaluated disease occurrence and incidence in soybean plants to investigate whether it could be related with cultivars, planting dates and geographical differences in Korea in 2008. Soybean cultivars including 'Taekwang', 'Pungsan', 'Cheongja 3', 'Saeol', and 'Dawon' were planted in four different dates, May 15, June 1, June 15, and June 30, in two locations, Suwon, and Naju. Soybean diseases such as wild fire and bacterial pustule were mainly found depending on cultivars, planting dates, and areas. Wild fire occurred severely on cv. 'Taekwang' while bacterial blight did on cv. 'Dawon' among tested cultivars. Disease developments of wild fire and bacterial blight generally decreased in delayed planting regardless of cultivars.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.115-120
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• 2002

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines, the causal agent of bacterial pustule of soybean, induces hypersensitive response (HR) in a non-host plant, hot pepper (Capsicum annuum). A wild-type strain (8ra) and its non-patho-genic mutant (8-13) of X. axonopodis pv. glycines were inoculated into the pepper leaf tissues and their subcellular responses to the bacterial infections were examined by electron microscopy. Intrastructural changes related to HR were found in the leaf tissues infected with 8ra from 8 h after inoculation, characterized by separation of plasmalemma from the cell wall, formation of small vacuoles and vesicles, formation of cell wall apposition, and cellular necrosis. No such responses were observed in the tissues infected with the mutant. In 8ra, the bacterial cells were attached to the cell walls, with the cell wall material dissolved into and appearing to encapsulate the bacterial cells. The bacterial cells later became entirely embedded in the cell wall material. On the other hand, in 8-13, the bacterial cells were usually not attached tightly to the plant cell wall, and no or poor encapsulation of the bacteria by the wall material occurred, although these were encircled by rather loose wall materials at the later stages.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.376-381
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• 1998

Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines 8ra causes bacterial pustule disease on susceptible soybean leaves and produces a bacteriocin, named glycinecin, against related bacteria such as Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. The antimicrobial activity of the glycinecin was effective to most tested Xanthomonas species. X. c. pv. glycines 8ra was able to produce the glycinecin in liquid media as well as solid media. Maximal productivity of glycinecin was obtained at 3$0^{\circ}C$ in the early stationary phase of growth of the X. c. pv. glycines 8ra. The production of glycinecin was not dependent on the initial inoculum level but on cell density. Glycinecin was very sensitive to proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin and proteinase K but resistant to DNase and RNase. The culture supernatant of X. c. pv. glycines 8ra retained some of its antimicrobial activity after 15 min at 6$0^{\circ}C$. It is stable at wide range of pH. The glycinecin showed the bactericidal activity after the adsorption of the glycinecin to the sensitive bacterial cell.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.16 no.1 s.30
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• pp.47-53
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• 1977

Bacterial diseases of soybean has been recognized as a limiting factor of soybean production in Korea as it was estimated to cause around 10 percent of yield losses annually. The purpose of the study is to obtain information on the diseases through proving the kinds of pathogens and epidemiology, The wire brush method and multineedle appeared to be the best way of inoculation under all circumstances. Wire brush method, especially, was effective in shortening the incubation period and manifesting the lesion development by introducing more inoculum per unit of area. In case of spray inoculation it was necessary to apply a small amount(1 : 1,000) of wetting agent, twin-20, otherwise it was unabled to produce the diseases under field conditions. Two kinds of bacterial diseases caused by Pseudomonas glycinea and Xanthomonas phaseoli var. sljense were found from surveyed areas in Kore. Wild fire disease on soybean caused by Pseudomonas tabaci had not detectable during the experiment although there were several reports on the disease from other countries. when the pathogens were introduced into sterile soil, bacterial leaf blight pathogen could exsisted until 30 days while bacterial pustule pathogen survived only 4 days under the natural conditions of later June. Both bacteria, however, could produce the disease after more than 10 months period of storage in refrigerator when they were exsisted in infected plant tissues. In warehouse, non-temperature controlled, the bacteria lose their infectability within 6 months period from October to April even though they exsisted in infected tissues. Surface infested seeds with the pathogens could not produced the diseases on seedling stages of soybean plants when the seeds were planted in sterile soil after inoculation by dipping the seeds into bacterial suspensions, although germination was depressed by the pathogens when the seeds were planted on agar media.