• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.1014-1021
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• 2019

In the bacterial community, unicellular organisms act together as a multicellular being. Bacteria interact within the community and programmed cell death (PCD) in prokaryotes is a sort of altruistic action that enables the whole population to thrive. Genetically, encoded cell death pathways are triggered by DNA damage or nutrient starvation. Given the environmental and bacterial diversity, different PCD mechanisms are operated. Still, their biochemical and physiological aspects remain unrevealed. There are three main pathways; thymineless death, apoptosis-like death, and toxin-antitoxin systems. The discovery of PCD in bacteria has revealed the possibility of developing new antibiotics. In this review, the molecular and physiological characteristics of the three types of PCD and their development potential as antibacterial agents are addressed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.2129-2140
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• 2017

Silibinin is the major active component of silymarin, extracted from the medicinal plant Silybum marianum. Silibinin has potent antibacterial activity; however, the exact mechanism underlying its activity has not been elucidated. Here, we investigated the novel mechanism of silibinin against Escherichia coli. Time-kill kinetic assay showed that silibinin possess a bactericidal effect at minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and higher concentrations (2-and 4-fold MIC). At the membrane, depolarization and increased intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ levels were observed, considered as characteristics of bacterial apoptosis. Additionally, cells treated with MIC and higher concentrations showed apoptotic features like DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine exposure, and caspase-like protein expression. Generally, apoptotic death is closely related with ROS generation; however, silibinin did not induce ROS generation but acted as a scavenger of intracellular ROS. These results indicate that silibinin dose-dependently induces bacterial apoptosis-like death, which was affected by ROS depletion, suggesting that silibinin is a potential candidate for controlling bacteria.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.47-57
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• 1999

Recently, essential oils are used for aromatherapy. Most essential oils are said to be anti-bacterial; some may be anti-viral or anti-fungal. I investigated the effects of peppermint pure essential oil on the heat shock-induced apoptosis in human astrocyte cell line CCF-STTGI. In previous studies, heat shock has been reported to induce the apoptosis or programmed cell death through the activation of caspase-3. We studied the heat shock-induced apoptosis through flow cytometry, DNA electrophoresis, and giemsa staining. Interestingly, these events were inhibited by pretreatment of peppermint pure essential oils in CCF-STTGl cells. Peppermint oil also inhibited the heat shock-induced apoptosis in primary cultured rat astrocytes. In addition, this Peppermint essential oil inhibited the heat shock-induced activation of caspase-3. These results suggest that peppermint pure essential oils may modulate the apoptosis through the activation of the interleukin-I -converting enzyme-like protease.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2021

Periplanetasin-2 from cockroach exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The underlying antibacterial mechanisms rely on the stimulation of reactive oxygen species overproduction to induce apoptotic cell death. A promising strategy to increase the bioavailability of periplanetasin-2 involves reducing the dose through combination therapy with other antibacterials that show synergistic effects. Thus, the synergistic antibacterial activity of periplanetasin-2 with conventional antibacterial agents and its mechanisms was examined against Escherichia coli in this study. Among the agents tested, the combinations of periplanetasin-2 with vancomycin and chloramphenicol exhibited synergistic effects. Periplanetasin-2 in combination with vancomycin and chloramphenicol demonstrated antibacterial activity through the intracellular oxidative stress response. The combination with vancomycin resulted in the enhancement of bacterial apoptosis-like death, whereas the combination with chloramphenicol enhanced oxidative stress damage. These synergistic interactions of periplanetasin-2 can help broaden the spectrum of conventional antibiotics. The combination of antimicrobial peptides and conventional antibiotics is proposed as a novel perspective on treatments to combat severe bacterial infection.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

We found that the main bacterial metabolite M1 is an active component of orally administered protopanxadiol-type ginsenosides, and that the anti-metastatic effect by oral administration of ginsenosides may be primarily mediated through the inhibition of tumor invasion, migration and growth of tumor cells by their metabolite M1. Pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb1 revealed that M1 was detected in serum for 24 h by HPLC analysis but Rb1 was not detected. M1, with anti-metastatic property, inhibited the proliferation of murine and human tumor cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in vitro, and also induced apoptotic cell death (the ladder fragmentation of the extracted DNA). The induction of apoptosis by M1 involved the up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK) inhibitor $p27^{Kip1}$ as well as the down-regulation of a proto-oncogene product c-Myc and cyclin D1 in a time-dependent manner. Thus, M1 might cause the cell-cycle arrest (G1 phase arrest) in honor cells through the up/down-regulation of these cell-growth related molecules, and consequently induce apoptosis. The nucleosomal distribution of fluorescence-labeled M1 suggests that the modification of these molecules is induced by transcriptional regulation. Tumor-induced angiogenesis (neovascularization) is one of the most important events concerning tumor growth and metastasis. Neovascularization toward and into tumor is a crucial step for the delivery of nutrition and oxygen to tumors, and also functions as the metastatic pathway to distant organs. M1 inhibited the tube-like formation of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial (HSE) cells induced by the conditioned medium of colon 26-L5 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. However, M1 at the concentrations used in this study did not affect the growth of HSE cells in vitro.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.284-290
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• 2012

Innate immune cells sense and respond to the cytoplasmic infection of bacterial pathogens through NLRP3, NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasome depending on the unique molecular pattern of invading pathogens. The infection of flagellin- or type III secretion system (T3SS)-containing Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) triggers NLRC4-dependent caspase-1 activation leading to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1-beta (IL-$1{\beta}$) and IL-18. Previous studies have shown that apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) is also required for Salmonella-induced caspase-1 activation, but it is still unclear how ASC contributes to the activation of NLRC4 inflammasome in response to S. typhimurium infection. In this study, we demonstrate that S. typhimurium triggers the formation of ASC oligomer in a potassium depletion-independent manner as determined by in vitro crosslinking and in situ fluorescence imaging. Remarkably, inhibition of potassium efflux failed to block Salmonella-promoted caspase-1 activation and macrophage cell death. These results collectively suggest that ASC is substantially oligomerized to facilitate the activation of caspase-1 in response to S. typhimurium infection. Contrary to NLRP3 inflammasome, intracellular potassium depletion is not critical for NLRC4 inflammasome signaling by S. typhimurium.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.522-529
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• 2008

High-temperature requirement A2(HtrA2)는 대장균에서 42도 노출 시 세포 보호 기능을 하는 단백질인 HtrA의 human homologue로 동정되었다 현재까지 human HtrA2는 미토콘드리아에 존재하는 serine protaese로 세포사멸 기능에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 그 생리적 기능 및 mammalian 세포 내에서 heat shock에 대한 보호기능에 대해서 명확히 알려진 바가 없다. 최근 HtrA2 유전자가 결실된 mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF)가 보고되어 세포 내 HtrA2의 기능 연구가 가능해 졌으나, 이 세포에 대한 정보가 많은 부분 밝혀져 있지 않다. 생리기능연구를 위해서는 자체의 특성들에 대한 조사가 선행되어야 차후 기능연구가 가능할 것이다. 본 연구는 $HtrA2^{+/+}$, $HtrA2^{-/-}$ MEF 세포주를 확보하고, 두 세포주의 성장속도, 세포 형태 및, heat shock에 의한 세포사멸 정도를 측정하였다. 우선 $HtrA2^{+/+}$, $HtrA2^{-/-}$ MEF 세포주에서 HtrA2의 발현 유무를 PCR과 IB로 확인하였고, fractionation을 통해 $HtrA2^{+/+}$ 세포주에서만 HtrA2가 미토콘드리아에 위치함을 확인하였다. 두 세포에서 형태학적인 차이가 있음을 Coomassie staining으로 확인하였고, 성장속도 또한 $HtrA2^{-/-}$ 세포주가 1.4배 빠름을 확인하였다. 현재까지 보고되지 않은 HtrA2의 고온에 대한 반응연구를 위해 본 연구에서는 heat shock 자극에서 세포사멸을 측정하여, 기존에 알려진 세포사멸자극에서와 동일하게 heat shock에 의해서도 세포사멸이 야기됨을 확인하였다. $HtrA2^{+/+}$와 $HtrA2^{-/-}$ MEF 세포주를 이용한 연구에 있어, HtrA2 유무에 따른 세포의 생리학적 특징을 제공하였고, 향후 heat shock에 의한 세포사멸에서의 HtrA2 기능연구를 위한 중요한 기본 정보를 제공함으로써 HtrA2의 기능을 심도있게 연구하는데 사용할 수 있는 좋은 자료가 될 것이다.