• 대한수의학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2012

The expression profiles of inflammatory cytokines viz. interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-12, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, interferon-${\gamma}$ and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in response to subclinical mastitis in indigenous cattle breed Kankrej (n = 6), Gir (Bos indicus) (n = 12) and crossbred (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) (n = 7) were investigated using quantitative real time PCR. Significant correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between total bacterial load and somatic cell count (SCC) in all three breeds of cattle. All the cytokines were observed to be up-regulated compared to cows with healthy quarters, however, level of their expression varied among three breeds of cattle. In Kankrej most cytokines were found to be transcribed to higher levels than in other two breeds; the milk had higher load of bacteria but not so high SCC, implying that Kankrej has a higher inherent resistance against mastitis. The results of present study indicated that mammary glands of crossbred cattle are more sensitive to bacterial infection than indigenous breed of cattle as they elicit immune response at lower bacterial load and result into higher SCC. Research on identification of factors responsible for differentially expressed cytokines profiles and use of cytokines as immunomodulatory tools can pave way for formulating control strategies against bovine mastitis.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2005

Thorough screening of donors medical and social history, extensive serological and bacterial screening combined with developed processing and sterilization methods have improved the safety of the allogeneic tissues in recent decades. The risk of bacterial infection through allogenic tissue transplantation is one of the major problems facing tissue banks. The purpose study is to report the contamination rate in 358 retrieved tissues obtained strictly aseptic conditions, between 2001 and 2002 in Korea Tissue Bank. Samples from 9 donors(total 13 donors) were used in blood culture, and in 7 donors the blood culture were negative. Of the 358 tissues cultured in their entirety, 186(52%) were initially culture negative and 177(48%) were positive. Organism low pathogenicity were cultures from 20.2% of the tissues. To minimize the bacterial load, donors should be obtain in operating rooms, using aseptic techniques with only a few personnel for procurement. The procurement cultures from donors and retrieved tissues with multiple should be carefully interpreted. Blood cultures should be taken account, since these can help to find contamination not detect swab culture. A prospective cohort study is needed to determine which of the varied processing and sterilization methodologies gives the best quality.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2008

Viral diseases are major emerging problems of shrimp that have affected the production, and even complete losses for shrimp farms. In this study, we developed a sensitive TaqMan real-time PCR method to quantify white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) in the shrimp and pond water in which fleshy shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, and Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, are reared. WSSV and HPV in pond seawaters ranged from $1.65{\times}10^3$ to $2.43{\times}10^9$ and from 0 to $4.43{\times}10^5$ copies/L of seawater, respectively. Of 20 ponds analyzed, all pond water and shrimp were positive for WSSv. L. vannamei showed higher susceptibility to WSSV than F chinensis. HPV was detected only in the pond water for F chinensis. In shrimp tissue, however, HPV was found in both species, with 23-times higher infection rate in F chinensis than L. vannamei. The total bacterial counts in the pond water ranged from $2.23{\times}l0^3$ to $1.98{\times}l0^5\;CFU/mL$. The variations in total bacterial count for each pond appeared to correlate to the variations of the WSSV load. Statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the WSSV load in pond water and shrimp, and there was no relationship between total bacterial load and viral load in the pond water. However, a significant difference (P<0.01) was found between HPV load and L. vannamei and F chinensis pond water.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제79권3호
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• pp.153-157
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• 2016

Background: Vitamin D is known to have diverse effects on various systems in the body. There is evidence to suggest that a link exists between the serum vitamin D status and tuberculosis. The present study was designed to assess the alterations in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in newly diagnosed sputum acid fast bacilli (AFB) positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients and to study the association, if any, between serum vitamin D levels and different levels of sputum smear positivity. Methods: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were estimated in 65 sputum AFB positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 65 age and gender-matched healthy controls. Results: The levels of serum 25 hydroxy-vitamin D in tuberculosis patients were not statistically different from the levels of serum 25 hydroxy-vitamin D in healthy controls. However, among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, there was a significant negative correlation between the levels of serum 25 hydroxy-vitamin D and levels of sputum positivity. Conclusion: Serum vitamin D levels negatively correlates with bacterial load in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.186-193
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• 2016

This study aimed to inhibit Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 artificially contaminated in fresh meat using bacteriophage. Among 14 bacteriophages, the highly lytic bacteriophage BPECO19 strain was selected to inhibit E. coli O157:H7 in artificially contaminated meat samples. Bacteriophage BPECO19 significantly reduced E. coli O157:H7 bacterial load in vitro in a multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent manner. E. coli O157:H7 was completely inhibited only in 10 min in vitro by the treatment of 10,000 MOI BPECO19. The treatment of BPECO19 at 100,000 MOI completely reduced 5 Log CFU/cm² E. coli O157:H7 bacterial load in beef and pork at 4 and 8h, respectively. In chicken meat, a 4.65 log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 was observed at 4 h by 100,000 MOI. The treatment of single bacteriophage BPECO19 was an effective method to control E. coli O157:H7 in meat samples.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.453-458
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• 2002

본 연구는 실험방법이 간단하고 분석비용이 저렴하며, 단시간내에 세균수를 측정할 수 있는 현장적용 가능한 방법을 확립하기 위하여 냉장우육의 총균수를 표준평판배양법과 배양온도를 25$^{\circ}C$, 30$^{\circ}C$, 35$^{\circ}C$ 별로 레자주린 환원색과 환원시간을 측정하여 상관관계를 산출하였다. 연구결과를 보면, 총균수(25$^{\circ}C$/72시간, Y)와 레자주린 환원시간(X)과의 상관계수는 RRT (Resazurin reduction test) 배양온도가 25$^{\circ}C$와 30$^{\circ}C$, 환원색은 청색에서 분홍색으로 변할 때가 각각 -0.95와 -0.94로서 가장 높았다. 상관계수와 환원시간을 감안할 때 RRT 배양온도는 30$^{\circ}C$가 적합하였으며, 이때 회귀방정식은 Y = -0.4386X+7.7870이었으며, 돼지고기의 총균수가 $10^2$, $10^3$, $10^4$cfu/$cm^2$일 경우 검사시간은 13.2시간, 10.9시간, 8.6시간이었다. 총균수(30$^{\circ}C$/72시간, Y)와 레자주린 환원시간(X)과의 상관계수는 RRT 배양온도가 30$^{\circ}C$, 환원색은 청색에서 분홍색으로 변할 때가 -0.93으로서 가장 높았다. 이때 회귀방정식은 Y=-0.4171X+7.5540이었으며, 돼지고기의 총균수가 $10^2$, $10^3$, $10^4$ cfu/$cm^2$일 경우 검사시간은 13.3시간, 10.9시간, 8.5시간이었다. 총균수(35$^{\circ}C$/48시간, Y)와 레자주린 환원시간(X)과의 상관계수는 RRT 배양온도가 30$^{\circ}C$, 환원색은 청색에서 분홍색으로 변할 때가 -0.93으로서 가장 높았다. 이때 회귀방정식은 Y=-0.3514X + 6.7513이었으며, 돼지고기의 총균수가 $10^2$, $10^3$, $10^4$cfu/$cm^2$일 경우 검사시간은 13.5시간, 10.7시간, 7.8시간이었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.372-389
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• 2024

This study investigated the efficacy of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation in enhancing the quality of raw bovine milk by targeting microbial populations and lipid peroxidation, both of which are key factors in milk spoilage. We categorized the raw milk samples into three groups based on initial bacterial load: low (<3 Log 10 CFU/mL), medium (3-4 Log 10 CFU/mL), and high (>4 Log 10 CFU/mL). Using a 144 W thin-film UV-C reactor, we treated the milk with a flow rate of 3 L/min. We measured the bacterial count including standard plate count, coliform count, coagulase-negative staphylococci count, and lactic acid bacteria count and lipid peroxidation (via thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay) pre- and post-treatment. Our results show that UV-C treatment significantly reduced bacterial counts, with the most notable reductions observed in high and medium initial load samples (>4 and 3-4 Log 10 CFU/mL, respectively). The treatment was particularly effective against coliforms, showing higher reduction efficiency compared to coagulase-negative staphylococci and lactic acid bacteria. Notably, lipid peroxidation in UV-C treated milk was significantly lower than in pasteurized or untreated milk, even after 72 hours. These findings demonstrate the potential of UV-C irradiation as a pre-treatment method for raw milk, offering substantial reduction in microbial content and prevention of lipid peroxidation, thereby enhancing milk quality.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.413-417
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• 2017

Concrete is a material popularly used in construction. Due to the load-bearing and external environmental factors during utilization or manufacturing, its surface is prone to flaws, such as crack and leak. To repair these superficial defects and ultimately and avoid the deterioration of the concrete's durability, numerous concrete surface protective coatings and crack repair products have been developed. Currently, studies are endeavoring to exploit the mineralization property of microbial strains for repairing concrete cracks be the repairing material for crack rehabilitation. This research aims to use bacteria, specifically B. pasteurii, in crack rehabilitation to enhance the flexural and compression strength of the repaired concrete. Serial tests at various bacterial concentrations and the same $Urea-CaCl_2$ medium concentration of 70% for crack rehabilitation were executed. The results prove that the higher the concentration of the bacterial broth, the greater the amount of calcium carbonate precipitate was induced, while using B. pasteurii broth was for crack rehabilitation. The flexural and compression strengths of the repaired concrete test samples were the greatest at 100% bacterial concentration. Compared to the control group (bacterial concentration of 0%), the flexural strength had increased by 32.58% for 1-mm crack samples and 51.01% for 2-mm crack samples, and the compression strength had increased by 28.58% and 23.85%, respectively. From the SEM and XRD test results, a greater quantity of rectangular and polygonal crystals was also found in samples with high bacterial concentrations. These tests all confirm that using bacteria in crack rehabilitation can increase the flexural and compression strength of the repaired concrete.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.273-284
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• 2022

PURPOSE. Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) of implant abutments has been shown to result in surface contamination from site-specific milling and fabrication processes. If not removed, these contaminants can have a potentially adverse effect and may trigger inflammatory responses of the peri-implant tissues. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bacterial disinfection and cleaning efficacy of ultrasonic reprocessing in approved disinfectants to reduce the microbial load of CAD-CAM abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four different types of custom implant abutments (total N = 32) with eight specimens in each test group (type I to IV) were CAD-CAM manufactured. In two separate contamination experiments, specimens were contaminated with heparinized sheep blood alone and with heparinized sheep blood and the test bacterium Enterococcus faecium. Abutments in the test group were processed according to a three-stage ultrasonic protocol and assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by determination of residual protein. Ultrasonicated specimens contaminated with sheep blood and E. faecium were additionally eluted and the dilutions were incubated on agar plates for seven days. The determined bacterial counts were expressed as colony-forming units (CFU). RESULTS. Ultrasonic reprocessing resulted in a substantial decrease in residual bacterial protein to less than 80 ㎍ and a reduction in microbiota of more than 7 log levels of CFU for all abutment types, exceeding the effect required for disinfection. CONCLUSION. A three-stage ultrasonic cleaning and disinfection protocol results in effective bacterial decontamination. The procedure is reproducible and complies with the standardized reprocessing and disinfection specifications for one- or two-piece CAD-CAM implant abutments.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.142-150
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• 2012

Objectives: To estimate the multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial contaminant load discharged from livestock farms, we randomly selected livestock farms specializing in cattle, swine, and fowl and collected bacterial strains from domesticated animal feces and compost samples. Problems with resistance to antibiotics are becoming worldwide issues, and as the consumption of antibiotics appears to be excessive in Korea as well, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria shows the possibility to cause potentially serious social problems. Methods: To monitor multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial constituents, aerobic bacteria and Escherichia coli were isolated from domesticated animal feces and compost. Antibiotic resistance testing was performed by the disc diffusion method using 13 different antibiotics. Results: Examining the degree of sensitivity to antibiotics of the aerobic bacteria originating from domesticated animal feces, fowl feces showed the highest distribution rate (35.5%), followed by swine feces compost (23.1%), swine feces (18.2%), cattle feces (14.9%), and cattle feces compost (8.2%). Antibiotic resistance tests of aerobic bacteria and E. coli originating from domestic animals feces resulted in 83.6% and 73.5% of each strain showing resistance to more than one antibiotic, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that increasing multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment has a close relation to the reckless use of antibiotics in livestock.