• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.662-668
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• 2005

To investigate the quality retention method of salted and semi-dried mackerel fillets, pH, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), trimethylamine (TMA) and total bacterial counts in the fillets that were UV treated for 1, 3, and 4 hr were periodically measured during 48 days of refrigerated storage. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash contents were 45.46 %, 18.87 %, 33.75 %, and 2.99 %, respectively. The freshness as determined by pH measurement could be maintained up to 25 days for the control and 31 days for the UV-treated fillets. VBN contents were continually increased over the storage time. The control reached the initial putrid level after 21 days while the UV-treated fillets after $25{\sim}31$ days. A similar tendency was shown for the changes of trimethylamine TMA contents, although the period differed slightly and the increase of the UV treatment time could decrease the TMA contents. The changes on the total bacterial counts of the fillets were maintained under 105 CFU/g during 48days. Especially, due to the effective decrease of the microorganism count by UV treatment at the beginning of the storage, UV -treated fillets showed lower bacterial counts than control over the whole period. E. coli. and Listeria were not detected in any fillets. Combining the above data and the sensory changes, the storage period of the fillets could be prolonged from 15 days at present to 30 days by UV treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1646-1652
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• 2002

Si-Raw is a raw cured meat (raw, cured meat fermented with steamed rice) produced by the aboriginal people of Taiwan. In order to prevent food poisoning or intoxication from botulism, new methods of monitoring the production base on hurdle technology were investigated. New methods investigated incorporated citric acid, sodium hypophosphite, Monascus anka mash, plum paste or lactic acid bacteria inoculum added separately to meat with steamed rice and salt to lower the Aw (water activity) and pH values of the products to control the microbial growth. Results showed that anaerobic bacterial counts, lactic acid bacterial counts and aerobic bacterial counts for the products of all treatments were less than $10^6$, $10^5$ and $10^2cfu/g$, respectively. Sodium chloride content of all products was above 5.46%, water activity was below 0.939 and pH value was below 4.27. IMP was lower and ATP and hypoxanthine were higher. ATP concentrations were higher in the samples which contained the anka mash. Result of sensory panel test indicated that most people preferred the products with added sodium hypophosphite. Except for the fact that the content of tryptamine in the sample with Monascus anka mash was higher, the amine concentrations for all treatments were lower than those of other fermented meat products. The amino acid nitrogen content was higher in the product made from raw meat treated with citric acid, but lower in the other products. Neither Clostridium botulinum nor Trichinella spiralis were detected in any of the treatments. The result may indicate that hurdle technology is effective for hygiene and safe producing Si-Raw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.918-921
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• 2000

A comparative study on rumen bacterial and protozoal population and fungal zoospores in cattle (Brahman$\times$Native) and swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) was conducted. Forty animals, twenty of each, with same sex and similar age which were raised under similar condition in the Northeast of Thailand, were used. Rumen digesta were sampled immediately post slaughtering for total microscopic counts of bacteria, protozoa and fungal zoospores. It was found that total bacterial population were higher in swamp buffalo that those in cattle (1.6 vs $1.36{\times}10^{8}cells/ml$) having more population of cocci, rods and ovals. Lower rumen protozoal pupulation in swamp buffalo with lower numbers of Holotrichs and Entodiniomorphs were found as compared to those in cattle. Significant higher fungal zoospore counts were in swamp buffalo than those in cattle being 7.30 and $3.78{\times}10^6$, respectively. Study under electron microscope, revealed Anaeromyces sp. with acuminate apex were more predominant in the rumen of swamp buffalo. With these findings, cattle and swamp buffaloes showing differences in rumen bacterial, protozoal population and fungal zoospore counts, offer new additional information as why swamp buffaloes exhibit conditionally better than cattle especially during long dry season without green grass.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 1993

Three sheep fitted with cannulas in the rumen and the caecum were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to study the changes in ruminal and caecal microbial populations and their metabolite composition with ammoniated rice straw feeding. The 3 diets contained either 80% untreated rice straw (UTS) or ammoniated rice straw (ATS) and 20% formula feed. These were a control diet (C), a urea supplemented diet (U) containing urea at 1.1% and an ammoniated rice straw diet (AT). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and means separated by the Student Neumann Kuel's multiple comparison. AT feeding increased ruminal bacterial counts, in particular cellulolytic bacterial counts (p < 0.05) which were 1.8, 2.4 and 7.0 (${\times}10^6/ml$ ruminal fluid) for C, U and AT, respectively. There was an increasing tendency (p < 0.10) in ruminal fungal population with U; values were 2.0, 5.2, 3.1 (${\times}10^3/ml$ ruminal fluid) for C, U and AT, respectively. Ruminal protozoa counts were not significantly (p > 0.05) altered with diets. Caecal total viable bacterial count with AT was about thrice the value with C. Total VFA concentration in the rumen was significantly increased (p < 0.025) (7.7 mmol/dl for C and 8.2 mmol/dl for AT) and correspondingly, pH lowered when AT was fed. Sheep on AT tended to produce less acetate and more butyrate in the rumen without significance (p > 0.05). Similar to the rumen, total VFA concentrations of 4.4, 3.8 and 5.2 mmol/dl were detected, respectively, for C, U and AT. Caecal ammonia-nitrogen concentrations were about six-fold of that in the rumen, though there were no differences (p > 0.05) among treatments.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to establish the acceptable intraoral application time of antiseptic agents and evaluate the effect of mechanical irrigation. Methods: A total of 80 subjects were selected for this study. Saliva secreted at the resting state was taken. The subjects were divided into 8 experimental groups, and kept 10% povidone-iodine (PVI) or 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) for 20 or 40 seconds in their oral cavity with/without irrigation of the oral cavity with sterilized normal saline, respectively. Then, the saliva was taken and diluted with phosphate buffered saline and then plated onto 5% sheep blood agar plates, which were incubated. Colony forming unit (CFU) was measured for the salivary bacterial counts. Results: After application of PVI and CHX, all the experimental groups showed statistically significant decrease in CFU (P<0.01). Group 2 (PVI, 40 s) showed more significant reduction rate in CFU than group 4 (CHX, 40 s; P<0.01). Group 6 (PVI, 40 s, irrigated) showed more significant reduction rate than group 2 (PVI, 40 s; P<0.01). Group 2 (PVI, 40 s) showed more significant reduction rate than group 1 (PVI, 20 s; P<0.01). Conclusion: Application of PVI for 40 seconds and mechanical irrigation with sterilized normal saline showed the best result among the 8 groups in terms of the reduction rate of salivary bacterial counts.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2020

The aging treatment was applied to Rehmannia glutinosa rhizome (RGR) to improve the digestibility by the enzymatic hydrolysis of undigestible sugars. However, RGR spoils easily during the aging treatment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ethanol addition as preservatives on sugars and microbial growth of aged RGR. The RGR was treated with the addition of ethanol (0~10%) at 55℃ for eight days. Reducing, free sugars, and total bacterial counts of RGR with ethanol concentrations were analyzed during the aging periods. The aged RGR with 0-2% ethanol appeared spoiled in appearance, and total bacterial counts of these samples increased from 1.1×10⁵ to 2.2×10⁷ CFU and then decreased again. When treated with 4~10% ethanol, the total bacterial counts of aged RGR decreased by more than 99.9% at eight days. In all samples, reducing and digestible sugars increased, and stachyose decreased by the aging treatment. Sucrose content was highest in the 6% ethanol sample (18.2% at six days). These results indicate that the ethanol addition can be applied to the aging treatment of the RGR for improving qualities (sweetness, digestibility, and microbial growth), and can be considered for the stable production of high quality aged RGR.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.522-529
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• 2004

In the grilled fish paste stored at $5^{\circ}C$, the total aerobic bacterial counts were effectively reduced by 2.5 kGy or more. In the samples stored at $30^{\circ}C$, the total aerobic bacterial counts of the samples irradiated at 7.5 kGy were below to the limit of detection (2 log CFU/g). The TBA values of the irradiated samples were considerably higher than those of the controls but not proportional to the irradiation dose. It is apparent that an irradiation treatment causes very little textural degradation and the sensorial quality of the sample was maintained by an irradiation at 7.5 kGy or more.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.261-268
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• 2005

본 연구는 Ceramic분말의 첨가가 산란계의 생산성, 맹장 및 배설물중 병원성 미생물(E. coli, salmolella)의 수, 배설물 중의 악취물질$(NH_3,\;H_2S,\;VFA)$ 및 난황중 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해서 실시하였다. 총 360수의 34주령의 산란계를 120마리씩 3처리구로 구분하여서 Ceramic 분말 $0.0\%$ (대조구), $0.4\%$ 및 $0.8\%$를 첨가한 사료로 6주 동안의 사양시험을 실시하였다. 결론적으로 34에서 40주령의 산란계 사료에 $0.4\%$의 Ceramics 분말의 첨가는 생산성 향상, 장관내 E. coli 및 Salmonella 수가 감소되어 배설물 중의 $NH_3$ 및 VFA의 발생량 감소 및 난황중의 지방산 조성을 개선시킬 가능성이 인정되었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.325-328
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• 2007

Mesophilic aerobic bacterial counts were measured and compared for seasoned soybean sprouts produced in different seasons and sold in different market types. Very significant differences in microbial counts were found among seasoned soybean sprouts produced in different seasons (winter, spring, and summer) and among different market types (a traditional market, discount store, and department store). However, there was no significant difference among the stores within each market group. The interactions were significant at a 1% significance level. The variance of summer counts was much lower than spring and winter counts. Discount and department stores showed a higher variation in microbial counts than traditional markets. The microbial counts differed substantially from season to season in the same market group (summer > spring > winter) except between spring and summer in traditional markets. The microbial loads in the winter and spring seasons of seasoned soybean sprouts in traditional markets were clearly higher than in other market groups, while discount stores had the highest microbial count in summer.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.118-122
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• 1983

본(本) 실험(實驗)은 $58^{\circ}C$, 30분간(分間) 가열처리(加熱處理)한 무가당(無加糖) 및 가당살균전란(加糖殺菌全卵)에 S. lactis, L. casei 및 S. faecalis를 접종(接種)하여 24시간(時間) 발효(醱酵)시키면서 일어나는 유산균수(乳酸菌數), 적정산도(滴定酸度) 및 pH의 경시적(經時的) 변화(變化)를 조사(調査)하기 위하여 실시(實施)하였다. 신선란(新鮮卵)은 일반세균(一般細菌), 대장균군(大腸菌群) 및 Salmonella균(菌)에 오염(汚染)되어 있지 않은 무균적(無菌的) 상태(狀態)였다. 무가당균전란(無加糖菌全卵)에 있어서는 L. casei의 생육(生育)이 가장 좋았으며 적정산도(滴定酸度)도 가장 높았고 pH는 5.6으로서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 반면에 당(糖)을 첨가(添加)함으로서 유산균수(乳酸菌數), 적정산도(滴定酸度), 및 pH는 현저(顯著)하게 변(變)하였으며 특(特)히 S. faecalis는 L. casei와 S. lactis에 비(比)해 생육(生育)이 가장 좋았고 24시간(時間) 발효(醱酵)시켰을 때 glucose를 첨가(添加)한 란(卵)의 유산균수(乳酸菌數), 적정산도(滴定酸度) 및 pH는 각각(各各) $2.5{\times}10^{10}$, 0.70, 4.8이었다.