• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.845-857
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• 2009

Background and Objectives : Korean mistletoe lectin (Viscum album coloratum agglutinin, VCA) and bee venom (BV) have been reported to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines in vitro and to show antitumor activity against a variety of tumors in animal models. However, the comparative effect of VCA and BV on the anti-cancer effect and mechanisms of action has not been determined. In this study, the effect in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Hep G2 cells, was examined. Methods : Cytotoxic effects of VCA and BV on Hep G2 cells were determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in litro. The apoptotic cell death was then confirmed by propidium iodide staining and DNA fragmentation analysis. The mechanisms of action were examined by the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. The involvement of kinase was examined in VCA or BV-induced apoptosis by using kinase inhibitors. Results : VCA and BV killed Hep G2 cells in a time and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of Hep G2 cells with VCA activated poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) known as a marker of apoptosis, and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways including MAPK/ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK. BV also activated PARP-1, MAPK/ERK. and p38 MAPK but not JNK. The expression level of anti-apoptotic molecule, Bcl-X, was decreased by VCA treatment but not by BV. Finally, the phosphorylation level of ERM proteins involved in the cytoskeleton homeostasis was decreased by both stimuli. VCA-induced apoptosis was partially inhibited by in the presence of JNK and p38 inhibitor, but BV only by p38 inhibitor. Conclusions : VCA-induced apoptosis is dependent on the activation of p38 and JNK. while BV-induced apoptosis is mediated by p38 activation in Hep G2 cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.214-219
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• 2005

Chunghyuldan (Qingxuedan in Chinese) (CHD) has been used for patients with atherosclerosis and brain ischemia in Korea. To evaluate antiischemic activity of CHD, its antiinflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 cells was investigated. CHD potently inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced BV-2 cells with an $IC_{50}$ value of 4.8${\mu}g/ml$. CHD did not only inhibit mRNA and protein expression levels of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-induced BV-2 cells, but also repressed mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-l$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$. CHD also downregulated the activation of NF-kB and AP-l transcription factors induced by LPS. These results suggest that CHD may improve inflammatory brain ischemia by the downregulation the activation of NF-kB and AP-l transcription factors.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2017

Microglia have multiple functions in regulating homeostasis of the central nervous system. Microglia cells have been implicated as active contributors to neuron damage in neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, medicinal plant extracts (MPEs) were used to evaluate the cell-death induction effect in microglia BV-2 cells. Among 35 MPEs tested in this study, 4 MPEs showed less than a 30% cell survival after 24 hours of incubation. These were Foeniculi Fructus, Forsythiae Fructus, Zingiberis Rhizoma and Hedera Rhombea. The concentration showed that 50% cell death ($IC_{50}$) occurred with 33, 83, 67 Ed highlight: Please confirm wording, and $81{\mu}/ml$, respectively. For further study, we chose Zingiberis Rhizoma (ZR) which showed a reasonably low $IC_{50}$ value and an induction of cell death in a relatively narrow range. Western blot analysis showed that ZR-treated cells showed activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP Ed highlight: When an acronym is first presented it needs to be spelled out in both dose- and time-dependent manners. However, the level of Bcl-2 and Bax were not changed by ZR-treatment in BV-2 cells. These results suggest that ZR-induced apoptosis in BV-2 cells occured through caspase-3 activation. The results also suggested that ZR may be useful in developing treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2014

Objectives : We investigated whether bee venom(BV) inhibit cell growth through enhancement of death receptor expressions in the human cervix cancer C33A cells. Methods : BV($1{\sim}5{\mu}g/ml$) inhibited the growth of cervix cancer C33A cells by the induction of apoptotic cell death in a dose dependent manner. Results : Consistent with apoptotic cell death, expression of Fas, death receptor(DR) 3, 4, 5 and 6 was increased concentration dependently in the cells. Moreover, Fas, DR3 and DR6 revealed more sensitivity to BV. Thus, We reconfirmed whether they actually play a critical role in anti-proliferation of cervix cancer C33A cells. Consecutively, expression of DR downstream pro-apoptotic proteins including caspase-8, -3, -9 was upregulated and Bax was concomitantly overwhelmed the expression of Bcl-2. NF-${\kappa}B$ were also inhibited by treatment with BV in C33A cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that BV could exert anti-tumor effect through induction of apoptotic cell death in human cervix cancer C33A cells via enhancement of death receptor expression, and that BV could be a promising agent for preventing and treating cervix cancer.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.463-469
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• 2010

This research is performed to obtain positive evidences of Mori cortex, a kind of oriental medicinal herbs, in the cellular levels. The extracts of M. cortex have shown anti-inflammatory effects against cutaneous inflammation and clinical effects on pulmonary asthma and congestion in oriental medicine. Thus BV2 cells were chosen because microglia are considered as the main immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation of cultured BV2 cells and subsequent release of nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were effectively suppressed by methylene chloride extract of Morus alba L. (MEMA). From the inflammation-mediated mRNA and protein analyses, we showed that inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) induced by LPS were markedly decreased by MEMA treatment. From the observation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-${\kappa}B$) which is controlling and mediating inflammation through COX-2 and iNOS, there showed that p65, a subunit of NF-${\kappa}B$, was increased in nuclear and $I{\kappa}B$, a competitor of NF-${\kappa}B$, was recovered in cytosol after MEMA treatment. These are corresponding with results of iNOS, COX-2, IL-$1{\kappa}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$, and confirm some suppressive effect against transcriptional activation of NF-${\kappa}B$. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory action of M. cortex against BV2 microglia cells is expected to protect nerve tissues through suppression of neuronal inflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.592-597
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• 2020

SiC는 Si에 비해서 Breakdown field가 10배 높고, Energy gap이 3배 높기 때문에 높은 Breakdown voltage를 갖는 우수한 전력 MOSFET을 제작할 수 있다. 하지만 낮은 Mobility로 인한 높은 On저항을 갖기 때문에 이를 낮추기 위해서 Trench MOSFET이 제안되었지만 동시에 BV가 감소한다는 문제점을 갖는다. 본 논문에서는 1200V급 Trench MOSFET 설계를 목적으로 하며, 이를 해결하기 위해서 BV와 Ron에 대한 중요한 변수인 Epi 깊이, Trench 깊이, Trench 깊이에서 Epi 깊이까지의 거리에 대한 Split을 진행하여 최대 전계, BV, Ron의 신뢰성 특성을 비교 분석하였다. Epi 깊이가 증가할수록, Trench 깊이가 감소할수록, Trench 깊이에서 Epi 깊이가 감소할수록 최대 전계 감소, BV 증가, Ron 증가를 확인하였다. 모든 결과는 Sentaurus TCAD를 통해 Simulation 되었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2016

Honeybee venom (BV) from Apis mellifera L. has been used as natural antimicrobial compounds in pigs, cows, dairy cattle and chicken farms in Korea. The purpose of this study was conducted to confirm homogeneity and stability of BV dissolved with distilled water or saline solution. Melittin was analyzed with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) for BV to secure the validation of analysis. BV at concentration of 1 mg/mL was dissolved with distilled water or saline solution at room temperature. Homogeneity of BV dissolved with distilled water or saline solution at upper, milddle, and lower layers all satisfied the accuracy and precision criteria. Stability of BV dissolved with distilled water or saline solution for 7 days all satisfied the criterion both light and dark storage condition. BV has satisfied with homogeneity and stability in distilled water or saline solution at room temperature under light or dark condition. The results of this study suggest that BV has a possibility as the substitute of natural antimicrobial agents for the animal drugs and feed additives.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2007

Objectives : In the present study, we investigated anti-inflammatory effects of chloroform fraction of Coptidis rhizoma (CR-C) on the production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1${\beta}$) in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Methods : Copriditis rhizoma was extracted with 80% methanol, and then extracted with chloroform. BV2 cells were pre-treated with CR-C, and stimulated with LPS. The cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. The production of NO and cytokines was measured by Griess assay and ELISA. The mRNA expression of inducible nirtic oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were determined by RT-PCR. Results : CR-C significantly inhibited the production of NO. TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-1${\beta}$ in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. In addition, CR-C suppressed the mRNA expressions of iNOS and inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS stimulation. These results indicate that CR-C was involved in anti-inflammatory effects in activated microglia. Conclusion : The present study suggests that chloroform extract of Coptidis rhizoma can be useful as a potential anti-inflammatory agent for treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2003

본 연구는 평균체중 60.0$\pm$1.5kg인 육성비육돈 30두를 대조구, 죽초액 2% 급여구 및 죽초액 4% 급여구의 3개 처리구로 10두씩 배치하여 4개월간 사양시험을 실시한 후 도축하여 등심육을 시료로 채취하여 저장 중 육질특성 변화를 알아보고자 실시하였다. pH는 저장 3일 이후 죽초액 2%와 4% 급여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 감소함을 나타냈다. 명도(L)는 저장 1일과 3일에 2%와 4% 급여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. 적색도는 저장 1일과 3일에 죽초액 4% 급여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 낮게 나타났다. 황색도는 저장기간 동안 죽초액 2%와 4% 급여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. 가열감량은 저장 3일 이후 죽초액 2%와 4%급여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. 전단력은 저장 1일과 3일에 죽초액 2%와 4% 급여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 낮게 나타나 연도 개선효과를 보였다. 지방산패도는 저장 6일과 9일에 죽초액 2%와 4% 급여구가 유의적(P<0.05)으로 감소하였다. 총균수는 죽초액 2%와 4% 급여구가 대조구에 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮게 나타났다. 냄새는 저장 1일과 3일에 죽초액 2%와 4% 급여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높은 점수를 받아 돼지 특유의 이취가 감소하는 효과를 나타냈다. 외관은 저장 1일에 죽초액 2%와 4% 급여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 증가함을 나타냈다. 맛은 저장 1일과 3일, 6일에 죽초액 2%와 4% 급여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 죽초액 2%와 4% 급여된 돼지고기는 육질특성과 저장안정성이 개선된 것으로 사료된다.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.113-123
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• 2008

Microglia, which is the primary immune effector cells in the central nervous system, constitutes the first line of defense against infection and injury in the brain. The goal of this study was to determine the protective (anti-inflammation) mechanisms of forsythia suspense (FS) on LPS-induced activation of BV-2 microglial cells. The effects of FS on gene expression profiles in activated BV-2 microglial cells were evaluated using microarray analysis. BV-2 microglial cells were cultured in a 100mm dish $(1{\times}10^7/dish)$ for 24hr and then pretreated with $1{\mu}g/mL$ FS or left untreated for 30 min. Next, $1{\mu}g/mL$ LPS was added to the samples and the cells were reincubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, 1hr, and 3hr. The gene expression profiles of the BV-2 microglial cells varied depending on the FS. The oligonucleotide microarray analysis revealed that MAPK pathway-related genes such as Mitogen activated protein kinase 1 (Mapk1), RAS protein activator like 2 (Rasal2), and G-protein coupled receptor 12 (Gpr12) and nitric oxide biosynthesis-related genes such as nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal) adaptor protein (Nos1ap), and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (Ddah1) were down regulated in FS-treated BV-2 microglial cells. FS can affect the MAPK pathway and nitric oxide biosynthesis in BV-2 microglial cells.