• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in stroke patients and to compare characteristics of different rating scales - Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression (HAD.D)- with regard to diagnosis and severity assessment for post-stroke depression. Methods: Participants included 44 stroke patients who could communicate. At admission, all study participants received a semi-structured interview using the HDRS and a self-completed questionnaire using the BDI and the HAD-D. Pearson's correlation method was used to examine associations among the three depression scales. The BDI and HAD-D were compared based on HDRS criteria, and the sensitivity and specificity using cut-off values were analyzed. Results: The HDRS showed that 52.30% of stroke patients had depressive symptoms on the BDI and HAD-D it was 59.10%. The HDRS correlated significantly with the BDI (r=0.81, p<0.01) and HAD-D (r=0.55, p<0.01). The BDI correlated significantly with HADS (r=0.50, p<0.01). After calculating the area under the ROC curve to decide on HDRS criteria, the BDI (AUC=0.91, 95% CI: 0.83.0.99) showed a significantly larger area compared to the HAD.D (AUC=0.82, 95% CI: 0.69-0.94). The cut-off value of the BDI was 12.50 points with a sensitivity of 81.00% and a specificity of 76.20%. Conclusion: These findings show that the BDI is a useful screening test for depression that most closely predicts the HRDS score.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2002

Objectives : The degree of post-stroke depression was observed and then correlated to the recovery rate of the motor functions of the above treated stroke patients. Methods : The BDI SCALE(Beck Depression Inventory Scale) and motor grades of 50 diagnosed stroke patients who were hospitalized in Dong-Seo Oriental Hospital between the period of May 2002 to September 2002 were measured. After a 1 month recovery period the BDI SCALE and motor grade of the above mentioned patients were again measured and a correlation was observed. Results : A lower BDI SCALE was observed in patients with a higher motor grade recovery rate. Conclusion : The treatment of post-stroke depression is imperative for positive effects on the motor functions of stroke patients.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 2007

Background: Depression is a frequent comorbid disease of chronic pain patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of depression and to correlate associated factors and depression in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Methods: The data of this survey was collected from 97 patients that visited our pain clinic for the management of lumbar spinal stenosis. Depression was examined by a self-reported survey using the Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the life satisfaction scale score were also obtained. Demographic and clinical characteristics (including spouse status, employment status, smoking status, the number of patients with multiple painful areas, the number of patients with combined disease, pain duration, visual analogue scale, Roland 5-point scale and walking distance) were obtained from an interview with the patient. The patients were divided into group N ($BDI{\leq}14$, n = 43) and group 0 (BDI > 14, n = 54) according to the BDI scale. Of the 97 patients, 55,7% had a high BDI score. Results: The patients in group N had a higher rate of employment (48.0%, P < 0.05) and had higher life satisfaction scale scores ($9.4{\pm}2.5$, P < 0.01) as compared to group D patients. The BDI score showed a close correlation with employment status and the life satisfaction scale. Conclusions: Many lumbar spinal stenosis patients had high BDI scores. Employment status and the life satisfaction scale were closely correlated with the BDI score.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2009

Objectives : Thyroid function is associated with psychiatric disturbance such as mood symptoms, cognitive functions, anxiety and sleep problem. We evaluate the effects of thyroid dysfunction on negative symptoms of schizophrenia, mood symptoms and somatic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Methods : Sixty five patients with schizophrenia were recruited. The patients were classified into two groups; the patients with the history of abnormal thyroid indices level(group of abnormal thyroid function) and the patients without the history of normal thyroid indices level(group of normal thyroid function). At baseline and 8 weeks later, psychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms(SAPS), and Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Somatosensory Amplication Scale(SSAS). Results : During 8 weeks, there were significant differences in the changes of SANS, BDI, SSAS between group of abnormal thyroid function and group of normal thyroid function. Compared to group of normal thyroid function, group of abnormal thyroid function showed greater reduction of the scores of SANS(23.3%), BDI (19.6%), and SSAS(16.2%), respectively. However, there was no significant correlation between the scores of SANS, BDI, and SSAS. Conclusion : Our study suggested that abnormal thyroid indices would predict the prognosis of negative symptoms, mood symptoms, and somatic symtpoms in patients with schizophrenia.

• Mood & Emotion
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptom, spiritual well-being and state hope in early adults and middle aged patients with depression. Methods : A total of 180 outpatient were surveyed with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp) and The State Hope Scale (SHS). Mean scores of BDI, FACIT-Sp and SHS were compared between two groups of different age. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify the effect of BDI and FACIT on SHS according to age. Results : Mean scores of SHS and FACIT were higher significantly in middle aged group than early adults group, while BDI was not different between two groups. And early adults and middle aged patient's state hope showed a significantly negative correlation with spiritual well-being. In regression analysis, the effect of BDI, FACIT on SHS were significant in both groups and the regression model explained 42% of the variance of state hope in early adults group and 26% in middle aged group, respectively. Conclusion : These findings suggest that in depressive symptom and low state hope relationship, spirituality is important protective factor in both aged adult outpatients with depression.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 1995

Objectives : Insomnia is significantly influenced by the pre-sleep arousal, self efficacy, sleep hygiene, depression and anxiety. The authors tried to explore how these factors are related with the clinical features of sleep. Methods : Fifty three patients diagnosed as insomnia by DSM-IV criteria were studied. They filled up the pre-sleep arousal scale(PSAS), sleep efficacy scale(SES), sleep hygiene awareness and practice scale, BDI, and state and trait anxiety scales. Results: 1) The mean values of sleep-related variables were as follows : Sleep latency,136.89 minutes ; frequences of awakening during a night, 2.28 ; minutes to get back to sleep, 42.70 ; total sleep time, 180.19 minutes ; duration of illness, 72.00 months. 2) The mean scores of scales were as follows : PSAS(cognitive), 22.40 ; PSAS(somatic), 17.32 ; SES, 20.16 ; sleep hygiene knowledge, 25.96 ; caffein knowledge, 59.78 ; sleep hygiene practice, 42.12 ; BDI. 18.2 ; state anxiety, 41.24 ; trait anxiety ; 44.50. 3) In the subjects with superimposed depression, the mean frequency of awakening during a night and the mean pre-sleep arousal scale score were higher than in those without depression. 4) Frequency of awakening were correlated positively with a PSAS(a tight tense feeling in your muscle) and sleep hygiene awareness. PSAS(cognitive) were correlated positively with a PSAS(somatic). BDI correlated positively with a PSAS item(a jittery, nervous feeling in your body)and a SES item (not allow a poor night's sleep to interfere with daily activities). Anxiety scales were correlated positively with sleep hygiene practice scale sleep, and PSAS were correlated negatively with SES. Conclusions : The mean scores of PSAS, SES, sleep hygiene awareness and practice scale, BDI, state and trait anxiety scales of insomniacs were correlated either positively or negatively in insomnia patients. These factors seem to contribute to the development and maintainence of insomnia.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to know that Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) score to effect on improvement degree of low back pain after oriental medical treatment. Methods : We analyzed charts of 33 inpatients who were treated in Ja-Seng Hospital of Oriental Medicine and Bu-Cheon Ja-seng Hospital of Oriental Medicine. Subject is divided into Group A(BDI<10) and Group B(BDI${\geqq}$10). Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) and Oswestry Disability Index(ODI) were checked on admission, after 1 week, NRS and ODI were rechecked to estimate the efficacy of treatments. Results : 1. In both groups, NRS was significantly decreased(p<0.05). Analyzed result of the interaction between the two groups didn't show significant difference(p=0.197). 2. In Group A, ODI was significantly decresed(p<0.05). In Group B, ODI wasn't significantly decreased(p=0.058). The interaction analysis between the two groups didn't show significant difference(p=0.173). 3. Analyzing patients with chronic back pain longer than 6 months by the presence of depression tendency and NRS, ODI decrease after 1 week of ambulation, while the NRS reduction showed relevancy by the depression tendency (p<0.05), the ODI reduction didn't(p=0.272). Conclusions : 1. Although improvement of pain before and after the treatment and degree of functional recovery in high-level BDI group was less than low-level BDI group, but it was stastically insignificant. 2. High BDI score of patients with chronic low back pain is the factor of disturbing pain improvement.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.47-53
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• 2019

The purpose of the study was to utilize VECM(Vector Error Correction Model) and detect causal relationships among shipping freight rates. Shipping freight rates used in this study were BDI(Baltic Dry Index), HRCI(Howe Robinson Containership Index), WS(World Scale rate) and SCFI(Shanghai Containerized Freight Index). Using weekly data published since August 2nd, 2013 to September 6th, 2019, it was discovered that BDI and WS were heavily influenced by past week's BDI and WS respectively. VECM also found that one percent increase in WS resulted in 0.022% increase in following week's HRCI data. One percent increase in HRCI affects SCFI by 0.77% on the following week. This study believes that finding may help each shipping market of shipping freight rates estimates, thereby encouraging decision markers to exercise discretion and establish best interest decision.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.68 no.3
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• pp.149-180
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• 2016

The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Korean version of PANSI(Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation: K-PANSI) scale which was developed to measure adolescents' suicide ideation. The study sample consisted of 552 middle school students using a questionnaire survey including the K-PANSI. A reliability analysis, a correlation analysis, and a confirmatory factor analysis were used to test internal consistency(Cronbach alpha), criterion validity (with respect to CES-D, BDI, RES, SWLS), and construct validity. Major study findings are as follows. First, Cronbach' ${\alpha}$ of the K-PANSI scale is supported to some degree by significant correlations with CES-D, BDI, RES, SWLS. Lastly, the confirmatory factor analysis of the K-PANSI scale showed that a two factor model was appropriate with 66.0 percent of explanatory power. These findings suggest that the K-PANSI scale could be used as a reliable and valid measure for adolescent' suicide ideation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.317-321
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• 2019

Purpose: To identify the effect of knee joint traction therapy on pain, physical function, and depression in patients with degenerative arthritis. Methods: In total, 30 patients with degenerative arthritis were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the experimental group, who underwent knee joint traction therapy, and the control group, who underwent general physical therapy (15 patients per group). Pain was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS), physical function was measured using the Western ontario and McMaster universities osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index, and depression was measured using the Beck depression inventory (BDI). The VAS, WOMAC score, and BDI score were recorded before and after the 4-week treatment. Results: As a result of comparison within groups, the experimental and control group showed significant difference for VAS, WOMAC and BDI after the experiment (p<0.05). In comparison between the two groups, the experimental group in which knee joint traction was applied showed more significant change in VAS, WOMAC and BDI than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that knee joint traction therapy was effective in improving pain, physical function, and depression in patients with degenerative arthritis.