• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 2004

Dietary supplementation of sodium nitrate with different concentrations 50, 100, 200, 500, 700 and 1000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of single, two, three and four feeds to fifth instar larvae of biovoltine NB$_4$D$_2$ race of the silkworm, B. mori resulted in significant increase in the food conversion, conversion rate and conversion efficiency $K_1$ and $K_2$. However, there were significant decrease in the food assimilation, assimilation rate and assimilation efficiency in the sodium nitrate treated groups as compared with that of the corresponding parameters of the carrier control. This indicates that the administration of sodium nitrate may stimulate metabolic activities, thereby influencing conversion of food into body weight in the bivoltine silkworm, B. mori.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2000

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2007

The Hsp 20.8 and Hsp 90 cDNA sequence retrieved from NCBI database and consists of 764 bp and 2582 bp lengths respectively. The corresponding cDNA homologus sequences were BLAST searched in Bombyx mori genomic DNA database and two genomic contigs viz., BAAB01120347 and AADK01011786 showed maximum homology. In B. mori Hsp 20.8 and Hsp 90 is encoded by single gene without intron. Specific primers were used to amplify the Hsp 20.8 gene and Hsp 90 variable region from genomic DNA by using the PCR. Obtained products were 216 bp in Hsp 20.8 and 437 bp in Hsp 90. There was no variation found in the six silkworm races PCR products size of contrasting response to thermal tolerance. The comparison of the sequenced nucleotide variations through multiple sequence alignment analysis of Hsp 90 variable region products of three races not showed any differences respect to their thermotolerance and formed the clusters among the voltinism. The comparison of aminoacid sequences of B. mori Hsps with dipteran and other insect taxa revealed high percentage of identity growing with phylogenetic relatedness of species. The conserved domains of B. mori Hsps predicted, in which the Hsp 20.8 possesses ${\alpha}-crystallin$ domain and Hsp 90 holds HATPase and Hsp 90 domains.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 1985

The haemolymph protein, digestive fluid proteins and digestive fluid amylase activity of wild silkworm, Theophila mandarina those of the were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition, they was also compared with silkworm. 1. 6 main protein bands in female and 7 main protein bands in male were detected in the larval haemolymph of T. mandarina where as 8 and 7 main protein bands in female and male of B. mori were observed. Some differences in the haemolymph protein ands of T. mandarina and B. mori were observed. 2. 15 protein bands and 12 protein bands were found in the larval digestive fluid of T. mandarina and B. mori respectively. Some differences in the mobility of digestive fluid proteins of T. mandarina and B. mori were noticed. 3. Larval digestive fluid amylases were anionic and moved near the tracking dye in both T. mandarina and B. mori. Mobility of the digestive fluid amylases relative to bromophenol blue were 0.019 and 0.020 in T. mandarina and B. mori respectively.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2016

Bombyx mandarina is widely accepted as ancestor of B. mori. Silkworms are served as well-characterized models for understanding the mechanism for the genetic regulation of development. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq analysis to examine tissue-expression of gloverin isoforms of the silk-gland, mid-gut, and fat body in B. mandarina. BLAST analysis revealed that four gloverin isoform gene sequences of B. mandarina were highly similar to B. mori. To identify the difference between two species, the expression profile of gloverin was measured by semi- RT-PCR analysis. The specific expression of gloverin isoform genes was observed mainly in the fat body from B. mori but not B. mandarina. However, all of tissues in the wild-type silkworm could induce the upregulation of compared with the B. mori. To validate the sudden increase in gloverin gene expression in the mid-gut tissue of B. mandarina, we were using qRT-PCR. Relative mRNA expression rate of gloverin at the wild-type silkworm was much higher than domestic silkworm. Comparative genomics between domesticated and wild silkworms showed different tissue-expression levels in some of immune related genes. These results are suggesting a trend toward decreasing immunity related genes expression during domestication. Further studies are needed to elucidate the silkworm domestication and an invaluable resource for wild silkworm genomics research.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2020

Humans use insects as food and traditional medicine for many years. Hemolymph is the circulating fluid of insects and is a key component of their immune system. However, limited information is available regarding hemolymph identification, development, and differentiation, as well as the related cellular immune responses. In a previous study, hemolymph extracts prepared from Bombyx mori larvae were found to exert anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we aimed to identify and compare the antioxidant activity of immune-challenged and unchallenged B. mori hemolymph extracts in vitro. For this purpose, human epithelial Caco-2 cells were first exposed to oxidative stress and then treated with various concentrations and incubation times of either immune-challenged or unchallenged B. mori hemolymph extracts. Next, we determined the effect of treatment on the relative expression of GPX-1, SOD-1, and SOD-2 antioxidant marker genes. We found that the expression rates of the three marker genes were markedly higher at a immune-challenged hemolymph extract concentration of 80 ppm compared to those at other concentrations, and the antioxidant effects were enhanced after treatment for 48 hr. Thus, B. mori hemolymph extracts showed antioxidant activity within the limited time and dose. Especially, the immune-challenged B. mori hemolymph extracts showed higher the antioxidant activities than unchallenged one. The activity of silkworm hemolymph extracts could facilitate the development of new types of functional foods, feed additives, and biomaterials with antioxidant properties.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2022

The present study aimed to determine whether a hemolymph prepared from Antheraea yamamai larvae had the same biological activities using a Bombyx mori hemolymph prior to exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in order to induce an inflammatory response. The effects of the hemolymph were determined using a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. The A. yamamai hemolymph exerted anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-activated human monocytic leukemia cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-mediated suppression, similar to the B. mori hemocyte extract. Treatment with the A. yamamai hemolymph significantly suppressed LPS-induced upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression at all tested concentrations compared with the control, similar to the B. mori immune-challenged hemolymph. Finally, the A. yamamai hemolymph, like the B. mori immune-challenged hemolymph, suppressed all of these concentrations in a dose-independent manner. These results demonstrate that the hemolymph of A. yamamai exhibited important biologically active substances. Further in-depth functional studies are required to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the biological activities of wild-type silkworm hemolymphs.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.49-54
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• 2018

To artificially enhance antimicrobial peptide expression in Bombyx mori, we constructed genetically engineered silkworms overexpressing Rel family transcription factor. The truncated BmRelish1 (BmRelish1t) gene contained a Rel homolog domain (RHD), nuclear localization signal (NLS), acidic and hydrophobic amino acid (AHAA)-rich region, and death domain (DD), but no ankyrin-repeat (ANK) domain. The BmRelish1t gene was controlled by B. mori cytoplasmic actin 3 promoter in the PiggyBac transposon vector. Chromosome analysis of G1 generations of a transgenic silkworm with EGFP expression confirmed stable insertion of BmRelish1t. BmRelish1t gene overexpression in transgenic silkworms resulted in higher mRNA expression levels of B. mori antimicrobial peptides such as lebocin(~20.5-fold), moricin(~8.7-fold), and nuecin(~17.4-fold) than those in normal silkworms.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.105-120
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• 2004

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Mori Folium herbal acupuncture at St36 on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA (ovalbumin) for 12 weeks (once a week) Two experimental groups were treated with different concentrations (1%, 0.1%) of Mori Folium herbal acupuncture at Chok-samni (St36) for the later 8 weeks (3times/week). Result : 1. Lung weight of the mice group treated with Mori Folium herbal acupuncture decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 2. Total Leukocytes in BALF of the mice group treated with Mori Folium herbal acupuncture decreased significantly compared with those of control group. 3. The number of Eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with Mori Folium herbal acupuncture decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 4. The number of $Gr-1^+/CD11b,\;CCR3^+,\;CD4^+,\;CD8^+,\;CD3e^+/CD69^+,\;IgE^+/B220^+$ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with Mori Folium herbal acupuncture decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 5. The concentration of IgE, IL-13, IL-4 in serum of the mice group treated with Mori Folium herbal acupuncture decreased significantly compared with that of control group. 6. The concentration of IL-4 in BALF of the mice group treated with Mori Folium herbal acupuncture decreased significantly compared with that of control group. Conclusion : We conclude that Mori Folium herbal acupuncture is effective on OVA-induced asthma of C57BL/6 mouse.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2019

The mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. We investigated the effects of bioconversion on different components of the mulberry tree, and determined changes in the physiological activities. Ethyl acetate-soluble fractions of five different segments (fruit, Mori Fructus; leaf, Mori Folium; twig, Mori Ramulus; root, Mori Cortex; and mistletoe, Loranthi Ramulus) of the mulberry tree show enhanced anti-oxidant effects in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylvenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, and enhanced anti-inflammatory effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, after being treated with a crude enzyme extract from Aspergillus kawachii, in the following order of activity: Mori Folium>Mori Cortex>Mori Ramulus>Mori Fructus>Loranthi Ramulus. Ethyl acetate- soluble fraction of mulberry leaves (Mori Folium) that underwent bioconversion was most effective, and was devoid of any cytotoxicity. The fraction was also effective against mRNA expression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, $interleukin-1{\beta}$, and interleukin-6. In addition, the fraction was effective in LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and IKK, and $I{\kappa}B$ degradation, followed by translocation of the nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Thus, bioconversion increased the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of the mulberry leaf.