• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.2393-2399
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• 2013

Objective: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is considered a hotspot of mutations in various tumors. However, the relationship between microsatellite instability (MSI) and mtDNA copy number alterations in lung cancer has yet to be fully clarifieds. In the current study, we investigated the copy number and MSI of mitochondrial genome in lung carcinomas, as well as their significance for cancer development. Methods: The copy number and MSI of mtDNA in 37 matched lung carcinoma/adjacent histological normal lung tissue samples were examined by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) assays for sequence variation, followed by sequence analysis and fluorogenic 5'-nuclease real-time PCR. Student's t test and linear regression analyses were employed to analyze the association between mtDNA copy number alterations and mitochondrial MSI (mtMSI). Results: The mean copy number of mtDNA in lung carcinoma tissue samples was significantly lower than that of the adjacent histologically normal lung tissue samples (p<0.001). mtMSI was detected in 32.4% (12/37) of lung carcinoma samples. The average copy number of mtDNA in lung carcinoma samples containing mtMSI was significantly lower than that in the other lung carcinoma samples (P<0.05). Conclusions: Results suggest that mtMSI may be an early and important event in the progression of lung carcinogenesis, particularly in association with variation in mtDNA copy number.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.39-50
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• 1997

Markov chain method to evaluate the properties of control charts with variable sampling intervals(VSI0 for simultaneously monitoring several correlated quality characteristics under multivariate normal process are investigated. For comparing the efficiencies and properties of multivariate control charts, we consider multivariate Shewhart, CUSUM and EWMA charts in terms of average time to signal(ATS) and average number of samples to signal(ANSS). We obtained stabilized numerical results with Markov chain method when the number of transient state is greater than 100.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.451-459
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• 2017

There are many researches showing that when a process change has occurred, variable sampling intervals (VSI) control chart is better than the fixed sampling interval (FSI) control chart in terms of reducing the required time to signal. When the process engineers use VSI control procedure, frequent switching between different sampling intervals can be a complicating factor. However, average number of samples to signal (ANSS), which is the amount of required samples to signal, and average time to signal (ATS) do not provide any control statistics about switching performances of VSI charts. In this study, we evaluate numerical switching performances of multivariate VSI EWMA chart including average number of switches to signal (ANSW) and average switching rate (ASWR). In addition, numerical study has been carried out to examine how to improve the performance of considered chart with accumulate-combine approach under several different smoothing constant and sample size. In conclusion, process engineers, who want to manage the correlation coefficients of related quality variables, are recommended to make sample size as large and smoothing constant as small as possible under permission of process conditions.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.200-207
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• 2014

Average number of samples to signal (ANSS) and average time to signal (ATS) are the most widely used criterion for comparing the efficiencies of the quality control charts. In this study the method of evaluating ANSS and ATS values of the multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts with Markov chain approach was presented when the production process is in control state or out of control state. Through numerical results, it is found that when the number of transient state r is less than 50, the calculated ANSS and ATS values are unstable; and ATS(r) tends to be stabilized when r is greater than 100; in addition, when the properties of multivariate EWMA control chart is evaluated using Markov chain method, the number of transient state r requires bigger values when the smoothing constatnt ${\lambda}$ becomes smaller.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20호
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• pp.10-16
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was the wumul-maru components of Sarang-taechong with themselves in traditional houses. Physical trace method was used for this study. The samples were taken from the Sarang-taechong of 6 traditional Korean houses, Yunkyungdang, the ancient Chusa estate, Sunkyojang, Chunghyodang, Yangjindang, Unjoru. The major findings were summarized as follows; 1) Regarding to the changgui't'ul(long board); the number was from 0(minimum) to 3(maximum), the size was $244.3{\times}4407.1mm$ on average, and the proportion was 1:18.9. 2) Regarding to the tongguit'ul(center board); the number was from 5(minimum) to 18(maximum), the size $188.7{\times}2374mm$ on average, and the proportion was 1:12.9. 3) Regarding to the marunol; the number was from 42(minimum) to 155(maximum), the size was $247{\times}574mm$ on average and the proportion was 1:2.29.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.639-650
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• 2005

Theoretical and numerical comparison have shown that variable sampling interval (VSI) charts are substantially more efficient than fixed sampling interval(FSI) charts in term of ATS(average time to signal). But the frequency of switching between different sampling intervals is a complicating factor in VSI procedures. VSI EWMA charts for monitoring mean vector of related qualify characteristics are investigated. To compare the efficiencies of the proposed charts, the performances are evaluated for matched FSI and VSI charts in terms of average time to signal(ATS) and average number of samples to signal(ANSS). For the switching behavior of the proposed VSI charts, average number of switches(ANSW) are also investigated.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

In general, the estimation of optimum yield for the radial collector well is determined by the empirical equation or numerical modeling, in which hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is a main influence factor. Hydraulic conductivities of 164 soil samples collected from boreholes and horizontal wells (average length: about 50 m) installed during well construction in the Anseong stream were drawn in two-dimensional map by the Kriging method and utilized in this study. Hydraulic conductivity analyses by Representative Elementary Count (REC) indicated the average hydraulic conductivity is similar to that of the pumping test when the number of samples reaches about 1,000, which correspond to 1,000 ㎡. Pumping test was also conducted at 1 pumping well and 13 observation wells to estimate hydraulic conductivities at each observation well. REC analysis indicated that the average value of hydraulic conductivity calculated from at least four observation wells is valid as a representative value. The overall result suggested that multiple observation wells or multiple pumping-observation well systems that are located within the range of horizontal wells should be utilized to properly estimate the representative hydraulic conductivity values and the yield of a radial collector well.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 1980

Since the first dietitian was produced in Korean about 15 years ago the Korena Dietetic Association has grown up to have its 8,500 members as of March, 1979. This study was undertaken to survey the status of hospital dietitians and their bob analysis. current practices were learned and the problems identified mainly in such aspects as : 1. Do the hospitals have enough dietitians? 2.What is the administrative position of the dietetics in the hospital? 3. What is the salary level of the dietitians? 4. How professional are the dietitian's daily tasks? How appropriately are the jobs distributed among the dietary employees? and 5. Do the hospital dietetics have their own diet manuals to go by? The findings are : 1. The severly lacking number of dietitians are employed by the hospitals where one dietitian is responsible for the feeding and nutrition education of 171 in-patients on the average. 2. The administrative position of hospital dietetics appears to be low showing administrative position of hospital dietetics appears to be low showing only 45.7% of the sample hospitals recognize their dietetics as the independent department or section. 3. The starting salary of the 4-year college graduate dietitians is 151,450 won which is 89.23-87.26% of the average starting salary for the 4-year college graduates I 1979. The starting salary for the 4-year college graduates in 1979. the starting salary of the 2-year college graduate dietitians is 148,000 won which is 113.9% of the average standard salary for the 2-year college graduates in 1979. 4. The hospital dietitians spend most of their time doing clerical jobs rather than the jobs utilizing higher priority professional skills they ought to perform. the most obvious cause of the problem can be found in the lack of man power for the general clerical jobs in the dietetics which can be proven from the small number of dietary clerks hired by the sample hospitals not even one person (0.45) per hospital on the average. 5. 68.6% of the sample dietetics have some form of compiled diet manuals or guidelines. 11.4% of the samples have diet guide lines ready for the important diets only. 14.3% of the samples do not have any form of diet guideline prepared. 5.7% of the samples use reference diet manuals from other hospitals when need.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.29-39
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• 1985

This experimental study was carried out to evaluate the improvement of rural privys and to develop the system of the three septic tank privy. For this study, 42 samples of excreta, 42 samples of soil and 26 samples of vegetables were drawn out of the conventional privys while 26samples of excreta, 26samples of soil and 26samples of vegetables out of the three septic tank privys from five villages in Chun Song County. Kang Won Province for the period from 22th August to 13th October, 1984. The major findings are as follows : 1. Positive cases of helminthes are found 41 out of 42(97.6%) excreta of the conventional privys whereas those from the three septic tank privys are found 2 out of 26 (7.7%). Average numbers of helminthes from the excreta of the conventional privys are 4.4 whereas those from the three septic tank privys are 1.1. 2. Positive cases of helminthes are found 33 out of 42 (78.6%) soil of the conventional privys whereas those from the three septic tank privys are found 20 out of 26(76.9%). However, this difference does not reveal statistical significance (P>0.01). Average numbers of helminthes from the soil of the conventional privys are 2.3 whereas those from the three septic tank privys are 1.7 and the difference in total number of helminthes reveals statistical significance (P<0.05). 3. Positive cases of helminthes from vegetable samples drawn out of the conventional privys are found 13 out of 26(50.0%) whereas those froin the three septic tank ptivys are found 10 out of 26(38.5%). Average numbers of helminthes from vegetable samples drawn out of the conventional privys are 1.1 whereas those from the three septic tank privys are 0.7. However, these differences in both positive rates and total numbers of helminthes do not reveal statistical significance (P>0.05).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.365-372
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• 1999

Physical characteristics of stem (ile., length and diameter) and branch, and detachment force of mature and immature fruits of 12 species of the Lycium chinese Mill at a cultivar were determined. The number of stems and branches were counted after the first and second pruning of each plant. Length and diameter of the stem were average of 113.5 cm and 9.5 mm for 12 species of the Lycium chinese Mill, respectively. Average number of stem and number of branch after the first and second pruning in each plant were 5, 30, and 61, respectively. Diameter of major and minor axis of the fruit was average of 13.8mm and 8.3mm, respectively, and the sphericity of fruits was average of 0.7 for 12 species of Lycium chinese Mill. Detachment force of mature and immature fruits was average of 1 N and 2.7 N, respectively, for 12 species of the Lycium chinese Mill. The maximum and minimum detachment force of the mature fruits was 2.06 N and 0.39 N, respectively, and that of the immature fruits was 3.72 N and 1.27 N, respectively. The force-weight ratio showed a decreasing trend as the weight of fruit increasing for all samples.