• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.119-130
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to estimate the rate of credit card payment for private education. The results of study can be used to improve credit card handling problems of private educational institutes, leading toward improvements in income transparency, increase in tax burden equity and long-term economic welfare improvement for individual households. 424 households out of 586 household that were surveyed in September of 2002 had 1,700 cases private extracurricular education. 67 of the 1,700 cases that did not have expenditure records were removed from the analysis. Only 3.67％ out of 1,633 cases were paid by a credit cards and the amount of credit card payment were only 5.65％ of the total amount spent for private education. The average fee of private educational institutes that allow credit card payment was higher than the fees of private institutes which don't allow a credit card payment or those of private institutes where consumers don't know whether a credit card payment was allowed. The average fee of private education paid by credit cards was 34,465.46 won higher than that paid by cash. Credit card payments to private educational institutions is an important social issue with respect to fair tax collection and tax burden equity since most private educational services operate in fairly small sizes and are offered by the self-employed, and the expense of private education is a fairly large proportion of the household income. It is also important for consumers if credit card acceptance expands alternatives that consumers can choose in private education. Therefore, credit card payment should be encouraged in private extracurricular education. To do this, private education providers should be forced to join a credit card payment service by the National Tax Service. A regulation that prohibits the refusal of credit card payments should be required, and credit card service charges of private education providers should be incrementally decreased. Also, consumer education and public promotions for credit card use instead of cash in paying for private education fees are recommended.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.326-335
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• 2015

The main purpose of this study is to maintain the necessity of Aged social well-being and to intend to grasp the influence of the elderly's social well-being on their satisfaction with life. This study selected the Aged participating in the programs offered by a college for the elderly among those aged over 65 who are living A city and G city in Gyeonggi-do Province as research subjects, and used a total of 167 survey questionnaires for final analysis. The main study findings are as follows. with respect to the correlation between socio-demographic factors and social well-being, economic level, subjective level of health and social well-being showed a positive correlation. Social health affects on life satisfaction is in the average income, subjective level of health, social well-being can explain a satisfaction rating of 25.6 % from a Life in aged can do. Subjective health status and social well-being and average income can say crazy positive effect on life satisfaction. Based on such study results, this study recommends a number of proposals.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2021

This study aims to elucidate the actual state of family care on the basis of the exact amount of time, and to verify its influencing factors and results. To this end, family caregiving was analyzed using the 2019 Korean Time Use Survey. The analysis results were as follows. First, the average time spent on adult family care was 115 minutes per day, a large proportion of family caregivers were women, the average age was relatively high, there were many unemployed, and household income was relatively low. Second, the analysis of influencing factors revealed that those who were women, older, married, and of a low household income had a considerable likelihood of becoming a family caregiver and had a longer caring time. Third, analysis of the relationship between family care and other activities showed that the family caregiving time was in a substitute relationship with paid work or leisure time, but it was in a complementary relationship with housework time, which was more evident in the case of high-intensity family caregiving. On the basis of these results, this study proposes the implementation of regular family care surveys, expansion of family care support policies, and modification of support for caring time according to the nature, goals, and attributes of caregivers.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.158-167
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• 2021

Background: To identify work-family balance and level of happiness among married women dental hygienists in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The goal of this study is to use the outcome as basic data to determine the compatibility of dental hygienists with work and family, systems, and improvement of happiness levels. Methods: From July 3 to August 10, 2020, 250 dental hygienists in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province were targeted. The questionnaire comprised 65 questions, including general characteristics (perception of work-family balance, perception of work-family balance system, job satisfaction, parenting type, happiness level) whether or not they were implemented. The results were obtained through a self-control questionnaire. Results: The perception of work-family balance was significantly different in job rank and average income, while that of the work-family balance system had significant differences in workplace type, total work experience, current job work experience, childcare system status, and parental leave period. Happiness level and job satisfaction were significantly different in job rank, average income, and childcare system status. Additionally, the perception of work-family balance and that of the work-family balance system showed a positive correlation with job satisfaction and happiness level. Finally, the perception of married women dental hygienists toward work-family compatibility was determined, where the higher the satisfaction with the job, the higher the level of happiness. Conclusion: To improve the work-family balance and job satisfaction of dental hygienists and their levels of happiness, changes in social perception and improvement of the working environment such as proper staffing, flexible work systems, and incentive systems should be considered.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.179-189
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• 2019

The market participation and development of major manufacturers of next-generation green vehicles is accelerating in recent years. The results of this study are as follows: Consumer type (personal value pursuit type, price value pursuit type) was significant difference between consumer. The results of this study were as follows: First, there was no significant difference in the characteristics of consumers (gender, age, monthly average income) and purchase intention according to age, gender and monthly average income, Image has a positive (+) impact on eco-friendly vehicles. This suggests that the development and market participation of next - generation green vehicles is accelerating and consumers 'interest is increasing, and the characteristics of environment - friendly vehicles and the government' s policy support are important factors.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of architectural aesthetic using the contingent valuation method and to analyze the value-giving characteristics. The site survey was conducted based on the scenario of Dong-daemun Design Plaza, which is recognized as a work of outstanding architectural aesthetic. Based on 307 opinions collected, the main results are as follows: First, it could be confirmed that the higher the level of architectural aesthetic, the higher the payment amount was. The result of estimating the value of the architectural aesthetic on the basis of the fixed amount levy showed that the average payment amount was 8,859 won per person. The average payment amount was 13,014 won per person when the rejector of payment was excluded. The value of architectural aesthetic was about 13.72% of total construction cost. Second, free riding, which occurs mainly in the measurement of the value of public goods or environmental goods, appeared. This tendency is stronger in the elderly than in the younger, and in the differential amount levy than in the fixed amount levy. Third, the extreme subjectivity of architectural aesthetic value could be confirmed. While there are a lot of extreme denials of payments such as 0 won, the high-income was willing to pay a substantial amount. Fourth, it was confirmed that income factors was partly involved in the measured value.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2022

Objectives: Throughout history, societies have been impacted by inequality. Many studies have been conducted on the topic more broadly, but only a few have investigated inequalities in out-of-pocket health payments (OHP). This study measures OHP inequality trends among the Iranian households. Methods: This study used data from the Iranian Statistics Center on Iranian household income and expenditures. The analysis included a total of 995 300 households during the 36 years from 1984 to 2019. The Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, and Theil index were calculated for Iranian OHP. Results: Average Iranian household OHP increased from 33 US dollar (USD) in 1984 to 47 USD in 2019. During this 36-year span, the average±standard deviation Gini coefficient for OHP was 0.73±0.04, and the Atkinson and Theil indexes were 0.68±0.05 and 1.14±0.29, respectively. The Gini coefficients for the subcategories of OHP of outpatient diagnostic services, medical assistant accessories, hospital inpatient services, and addiction cessation were 0.70, 0.61, 0.84, and 0.64, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, we scrutinized trends of inequality in the OHP of Iranian households. Inequality in OHP decreased slightly over the past four decades. An analysis of trends among different subgroups revealed that affluent households, such as households with insurance coverage and households in higher income deciles, experienced higher inequality. Therefore, lower inequality in health care expenditures may be related to restricted access to health care services in Iran.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.253-263
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• 2022

This study examined the relationships between socio-demographic background variables, parent-child differentiation, marital stability, and psychological well-being in 382 eco-boomer married women (born in 1979-1992) whose mothers were born in 1955-1963. As a result, the higher the average monthly contact frequency with the mother, the greater the intimacy (connectivity) with the mother. The higher the number of years of marriage, the lower the marriage stability, the higher the education level, and the higher the average household income were related to the higher the self-acceptance. In addition, compared to women in single-income families, married women who receive help raising their children from their mothers did not form reliable relationships with others or show satisfaction compared to women who do not receive the assistance. Those who were well connected with their mother (or had high intimacy) had higher marriage stability, and those with higher marriage stability had higher psychological well-being. They also had better relationships with other people when married women had a higher level of parent-child differentiation.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.193-199
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• 2022

This study tried to understand the effect of human capital of the elderly on life satisfaction. Data from the 8th KReIS additional survey were used for the study subjects, and the number of subjects was 1987. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 20.0. As a result, gender, age, education level, economic activity status, generational composition, spouse presence, and exercise type showed significant differences in life satisfaction. Life satisfaction and health status showed the highest positive (+) correlation, and monthly average income and education level showed the highest negative (-) correlation. As for human capital that affects life satisfaction, life satisfaction was higher in women than men, employed rather than unemployed, married generations, health, average monthly income, and regular exercise.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.149-159
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of castration method and short-term fattening periods on Hanwoo cattle. Thirty-two Hanwoo calves (average body weight: 148.4 ± 19.8 kg) were used. The calves were randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factor according to two castration methods (castration or hemi-castration) and two short-term finishing periods (24 months or 26 months). The final body weight increased significantly as the fattening period increased (p < 0.05), and the average daily weight gain was higher in the hemi-castration groups than in the castration groups (p < 0.05). After surgical castration, testosterone concentration was higher in the hemi-castration group than in the castration group during the entire experimental period (p < 0.05). The rib eye area was wider in the hemi-castration group than in the castration group (p < 0.01).An interaction effect was observed between the castration method and short-term fattening period (p < 0.05). Marbling and auction price scores differed between castration methods and were higher in the castration group than in the hemi-castration group (p < 0.01). Gross receipts and net income increased in the castration group compared to the hemi-castration group (p < 0.01) and showed a tendency to increase with the short-term fattening period, but there was no significant difference. Thus, castration to remove both testicles is essential for economic profit through producing high-quality Korean beef meat, and short-term fattening for 26 months, rather than 24 months, can benefit more by increasing carcass weight and meat quality.