• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.659-666
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• 1990

We evaluated 68 patients with mitral valve disease who underwent mitral valve replacement from April, 1986, to December, 1988. Among them 20 patients showed increased systolic pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 60 mmHg and postoperative hemodynamic data were obtained in 19 patients average 13 months after mitral valve replacement. The results were as followings. 1. Average pulmonary systolic pressure decreased from 84.8$\pm$4.5 preoperatively to 33. 0$\pm$1.9mmHg postoperatively[P<0.001]. 2. Average pulmonary vascular resistance index decreased from 1425$\pm$148 preoperatively to 287+35.8 dyne * sec * cm2 * m postoperatively[P<0.001]. 3. Average cardiac index rose from 1.927$\pm$0.169 preoperatively to 2.625$\pm$0.159 L/min/m2 postoperatively [P <0.005]. This study shows that pulmonary hypertension and the increased pulmonary vascular resistance index due to mitral valve disease can regress significantly after mitral valve replacement.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.401-411
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• 2022

To obtain the dynamic mechanical properties, fracture modes, energy and brittleness characteristics of Furong Baijiao coal rock, the dynamic impact compression tests under 0, 4, 8 and 12 MPa confining pressure were carried out using the split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that failure mode of coal rock in uniaxial state is axial splitting failure, while it is mainly compression-shear failure with tensile failure in triaxial state. With strain rate and confining pressure increasing, compressive strength and peak strain increase, average fragmentation increases and fractal dimension decreases. Based on energy dissipation theory, the dissipated energy density of coal rock increases gradually with growing confining pressure, but it has little correlation with strain rate. Considering progressive destruction process of coal rock, damage variable was defined as the ratio of dissipated energy density to total absorbed energy density. The maximum damage rate was obtained by deriving damage variable to reflect its maximum failure severity, then a brittleness index BD was established based on the maximum damage rate. BD value declined gradually as confining pressure and strain rate increase, indicating the decrease of brittleness and destruction degree. When confining pressure rises to 12 MPa, brittleness index and average fragmentation gradually stabilize, which shows confining pressure growing cannot cause continuous damage. Finally, integrating dynamic deformation and destruction process of coal rock and according to its final failure characteristics under different confining pressures, BD value is used to classify the brittleness into four grades.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.573-580
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• 2010

Average pressure in a pipe network is one of critical factors to estimate the flow distribution and to calculate UARL (Unavoidable Annual Real Losses) value in ILI (Infrastructure Leakage Index). While its collection period and measuring location are essential to obtain average pressure, their standard method have not been established so far. In this study, proper method including its procedure for data collection period and measuring point for average pressure were suggested using non-exceedance probability concept in the water distribution network.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.216-224
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• 2006

This study was conducted to examine the correlation among meals variety, obesity index, blood pressure, and lipid profiles of Korean adults. A total of 308 adults(men 124, women 184) measured the anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, dietary intake using 24-hour recall method, and serum lipid profile. The average ages of the study subjects were 50.9 yrs in men and 51.4 yrs in women. The average height, weight and BMI were 166.3 cm, 68.4 kg, $24.7\;kg/cm^2$ in men and 154.3 cm, 59.8 kg, $25.0\;kg/cm^2$ in women, respectively. The numbers of food items in meal of men and women were 14.1, 15.9 for breakfast, 15.7, 15.9 for lunch, 14.7, 14.1 for dinner, respectively. The numbers of dish items in meal of men and women were 4.0, 4.3 for breakfast, 4.3, 4.3 for lunch, 4.2, 3.9 for dinner, respectively. The average blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index were 126.6/76.0 mmHg, 181.0 mg/dL, 157.7 mg/dL, 40.9 mg/dL, 108.6 mg/dL, 3.5 in men and 123.2/73.6 mmHg, 185.0 mg/dL, 137.3 mg/dL, 44.8 mg/dL, 112.7 mg/dL, 3.2 in women, respectively. The total cholesterol was negatively correlated to the number of food item for lunch(p<0.05). Therefore, more systematic studies to investigate the meal variety roles of blood lipids in meals of adults were required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.4 s.152
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• pp.615-622
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• 2006

A tool to evaluate the subjective wearing comfort of caps from the objective measurement of pressure was developed. Comfortable Fittability Index(C.F.I) and Holding Power(HP) were defined to represent the subjective wearing comfort of caps. As a preliminary step to define the Comfortable Fittability Index(C.F.I), average pressure, pressure distribution, standard deviation of pressure were obtained and subjective sensation were evaluated by wearing caps. Also Holding Power(HP) was estimated from wind tunnel testing. Two sets of caps were evaluated, one set made of elastic fabric(F-caps) and the other set made of non-elastic fabric(S-caps). F-caps begin to be taken off by the higher wind velocity and thus exhibited higher values of Holding Power. On the other hand, F-caps exerted lower average pressure, narrower pressure distribution, smaller standard deviation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.942-952
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• 1993

This study was to investigate if Body Mass Index(BMI) is adequate as a method of physique classification of Korean female college students. For this study 571 students were selected to examine physique classification by anthropometric index, and the correlation between the various anthropometric index and risk facters(blood pressure, triglyceride, hematocrit). The following results were obtained by this study. 1) Average age of the subjects is 19.6, height 158.2cm and weight 54.4g. 2) All anthropometric indices and body fat percentage are highly correlated (r>0.713), among them BMI shows high and significant positive correlation with weight(r=0.919) and skinfold thickness(r>0.601), but negative correlation with height(r=-0.086). 3) All anthropometric indices and body fat percentage show significant correlation with blood pressure and triglyceride. Among them BMI shows high and significant positive correlation with blood pressure and triglyceride. 4) FAT% III calculated of BMI shows significant with FAT% I and FAT% II by skinfold thickness, and high correlation with blood pressure and triglyceride. Therefore FAT% III is adequate for calculation method of body fat percentage.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2006

This research analyzed the hematological index and health related habits such as alcohol drinking, smoking and exercise, by classifying 539 middle-aged men (age: 40 - 59) into a normal weight group, an overweight group and an obese group, according to BMI (body mass index). As a result, 33.6% (n = 181) of subjects had a BMI of 23 or less and 30.2% (n = 163) were overweight and 36.2% (n = 195) were obese (BMI > 25). The average systolic/diastolic blood pressures of total subjects were 130.96mmHg and 80.38mmHg, respectively. And the average pressure of normal subjects was 126.85/77.57mmHg, which was significantly lower than in overweight and obese subjects. Diastolic blood pressure shows significant differences among the three groups. The overall average cholesterol level of normal subjects was 193.81mg/dl, which was significantly lower than those in overweight subjects. Those in obese subjects were significantly higher than in overweight subjects. The GOT (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), GPT (glutamic pyrutic transaminase), ${\gamma}$-GTP (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) levels of obese subjects were significantly higher than in the overweight subjects. Frequency of alcohol drinking showed no significant difference among the groups. The smoking ratio in the obese group was higher than in the normal and overweight groups. The ratio of smokers was 53.1 %, and the alcohol drinking ratio was 81.0% of the total subjects. The frequency of drinking showed significant correlations with systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressures (p < 0.01) and ${\gamma}$-GTP (p < 0.01). The duration of smoking showed a negative correlation (p < 0.01) with diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and ${\gamma}$-GTP. On the other hand, exercising frequency showed negative correlations with blood glucose, ${\gamma}$-GTP and GPT(p < 0.01). These hematological indices were correlated with health related habits such as alcohol drinking, smoking and lack of exercise, and to be the cause of chronic diseases. Therefore, proper nutritional education is needed to establish advisable health related habits to maintain proper body weight. (J Community Nutrition 8(2): 63-68, 2006)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.328-341
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate bone mineral density (BMD), blood pressure, age and biochemical index and nutrient intakes, and to analyze the relationship between BMD, blood pressure, biochemical index, nutrient intakes of Korean women. Methods: The study subjects were 499 women with a age range of 30-79 years living in Seoul and Kyunggi area who participated in 2011 KNHANES. The study subjects were divided into 5 age groups : 30 years (145), 40 years (110), 50 years (102), 60 years (85) and 70 years (57), and 3 BMD groups: normal 258 (50.4%), osteopenia 163 (32.9%) and osteoporosis 78 (16.7%). Results: The average waist circumference, BMI and body fat increased with age, but fat free mass decreased with age. Average BMD and T-score was decreased from 0.84, $0.74g/cm^2$ in 30 years to 0.05, $-1.05g/cm^2$ in 70 years. The rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis increased significantly 22% in 30~40 years, 47% in 50 years and 56% in 60~70 years. Systolic blood pressure and cholesterol were significantly increased with age. The rates of hypertension was significantly increased 2.1% in 30 years, 30.4% in 50 years 89.5% in 70 years. Average nutrient intakes such as protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A and C were significantly decreased with age. There were significant negative correlations between age and calcium, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride. Conclusions: In this study, we found the risk of osteoporosis and hypertension were significantly increase with over 50 years age. Calcium and protein intake decreased with age. Therefore, in order to prevent osteoporosis and hypertension, adult women need to be educated regarding the importance of protein, calcium and other nutrients in their diet.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.210-217
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• 1998

This paper describes the method for detection of the misfired cylinder using the pressure fluctuations occurred in the exhaust system on an MPI gasoline engine. If misfire is occurred in the cylinder of the gasoline engine, the power of engine gets lost, the fuel consumption and the exhaust emission are increased and the vibration is caused by unsteady torque. Therefore early detection and correction of misfire play a very important role in the proper performance and the exhaust emission. This paper suggests method of misfire detection which affect engine performance. The method is a comparison of average pressure index during the displacement period. Experimental results showed that the method using the pressure fluctuations in the exhaust system is proven to be effective in the detection of misfire on gasoline engine regardless loads and revolutions of the engine. In addition, this method, using the pressure fluctuations in exhaust system is easier than other methods and is not a need of additional reconstruction of engine.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.400-407
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• 2008

A health index was proposed that evaluates personal health state from both measured physiological variables and survey questions. Four health indices were defined such as cardiovascular index, stress index, obesity index, and management index. The total health index was calculated by summing these four health indices. Physiological variables such as blood pressure, heart rate variability(HRV), accelerated photoplethysmograph(APG), and body fat percentage were non-invasively measured and a survey questionnaire that asks personal health state, exercise intensity, and food preference was developed. The suggested health index was applied to thirty eight persons including 30 patients and 8 normal persons with an average age of 51.8. The average health index was estimated to be 75.1 out of 100 points. Young age group(below 50) and men group showed higher health indices than the aged(over 50) and women groups. The correlation coefficient between the cardiovascular index and stress index was found to be 0.513, which means stress is related to cardiovascular health state. The correlation coefficient between the measurements and survey questions was 0.385 for the cardiovascular index. It was as low as 0.182 for the stress index. More case studies may improve correlations between measurements and survey questions, and then, the current health index system may develop as an effective tool to evaluate personal health state.