Purpose: The study is to measure concentrations of indoor air pollutants in housing and to analyze the characteristics of pollutants in housing indoor-air between summer and winter comparatively. The research result could be used as data for public health through indoor air quality management of existing housing and more as a reference for new housing. Method: It was investigated 24 middle class housings of metropolitan area in winter which have been built for the past 30 years. Concentration of HCHO, TVOC was investigated in living room at morning and night and concentration of $CO_2$ was investigated in living room and master bedroom at morning and night. SKT100-X5 was used for concentration of HCHO, TVOC and ZGm053UK for concentration of $CO_2$. The characteristics of HCHO, TVOC, $CO_2$ concentration in winter were analyzed and then the concentrations in winter were analyzed the concentrations in summer being preceding research comparatively. Result: Average concentration of TVOC in winter was 2.7 times more than that of TVOC in summer, average concentration of HCHO in winter was about 2.0 times more than that of HCHO in summer. Average concentration of $CO_2$ in the morning at living room in winter was 1.3 times more than that of $CO_2$ in summer. Average concentration of $CO_2$ in the morning at master bedroom in winter was 1.1 times more than that of $CO_2$ in summer. Average concentration of TVOC was 1.31 times more than that of HCHO and standard deviation of that was 1.73 times higher. Average concentration of $CO_2$ was almost nearly close or over to 1,000ppm being criteria of the Ministry of Environment.
Purpose: The study is to measure indoor air pollutants concentration of existing housing and to analyze the causes and assess in accordance with the government's criteria. The research result could be used as data for public health through indoor air quality management of existing housing and more as a reference for new housing. Method: It was investigated 24 middle class housings of metropolitan area in summer which have been built for the past 30 years. Concentration of HCHO, TVOC was investigated in living room at morning and night and concentration of $CO_2$ was investigated in living room and master bedroom at morning and night. SKT100-X5 was used for concentration of HCHO, TVOC and ZGm053UK for concentration of $CO_2$. Result: Average concentration of TVOC was 1.31 times more than that of HCHO and standard deviation of that was 1.73 times higher. Average concentration of $CO_2$ was almost nearly close to 1,000ppm being criteria of the Ministry of Environment.
Park, Duck Shin;Kwon, Soon Bark;Cho, Young Min;Jang, Seong Ki;Jeon, Jae Sik;Park, Eun Young
Particle and aerosol research
/
v.6
no.1
/
pp.9-20
/
2010
This study examined the concentration level of the major air pollutants in public transportation. The study was conducted between February 2009 and March 2008 at Suwon-Yeosu line in Korea. $PM_{10}$ concentration level was $100{\mu}g/m^3$ on average. The $PM_{2.5}$ to PM10 ratio in transport is 0.37, which was lower than the results published by other researches. The result also demonstrated that outdoor $PM_{10}$ concentration was about 56~60% level compared to that of the cabin. $CO_2$ concentration level in the cabin was 1,359ppm, which does not exceed 2,000ppm, which is the guideline concentration level according to the Ministry of Environment. $CO_2$ concentration level in the cabin was $CO_2=23.4{\times}N+460.2$, and about 23.4ppm in $CO_2$ concentration level increased every time one passenger was added on. The experiment conducted on the train demonstrated that the average $PM_{10}$ concentration level was $100{\mu}g/m^3$ in case of the reference cabin while average $PM_{10}$ concentration level of the modified vehicle was $68{\mu}g/m^3$. Likewise, effect of the particle reduction device for the reduction of $PM_{10}$ concentration level was approximately 21%. Meanwhile there was almost no difference in the concentration level between reference and modified cabin in case of $PM_{2.5}$. Using zeolite as an adsorbent was made to reduce the $CO_2$ concentration level in the cabin. Number of passengers was factored in, to calculate the effect of the adsorption device, which demonstrated that about 36% of $CO_2$ concentration level was reduced in the modified cabin effect of the $CO_2$ reduction device. This research analyzed the current status concerning the quality of air in the public transportation and technologies were developed that reduces major air pollutants.
Predicting plant responses to changing atmospheric $CO_2$ and to the possibility of global warming are important concerns. The $CO_2$ concentration of the global atmosphere has increased during the last decades. This increase is expected to result in changes of global temperatures and this will also affect the growth and development of bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) and other crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of atmospheric $CO_2$ enrichment and high temperature on the growth and development of bell pepper under three temperature regimes. There was no statistical difference in the days required from seeding to flowering between $CO_2$ treatments, whereas among three temperature regimes, high temperature plots of $35/25^{\circ}C$ showed the shortest days (52.5 days) required from seeding to flowering. The plant height of bell peppers 15 weeks after emergence showed no statistical significance, while plots of $30/20^{\circ}C$ showed the highest plant height among the three temperature regimes. Time-course response of plant height to $CO_2$, enrichment was restrained in high $CO_2$, concentration (800ppm), at the same time higher temperature promoted plant height. Average leaf area per plant of 400ppm was $6,008.8cm^2$ and it was $5,225.1cm^2$ in the plots of 800ppm, showing 15% more leaf area compared to 400ppm $CO_2$ concentration. Leaf dry weight between $CO_2$ concentration and among temperature regimes showed a statistical significance. The average leaf dry weight in the plot of 800ppm showed the highest (44.1g), which was 18.5% higher compared to that of 400ppm (37.2g) and among temperature regimes, it was the highest (49.8g) in the plot of $35/25^{\circ}C$. Above-ground dry weight showed statistical significance between $CO_2$ concentration and among temperature regimes. The average above-ground dry weight of 800ppm $CO_2$ concentration was 141.4g, 17.9% higher compared to 400ppm $CO_2$ concentration (119.9g). Among three temperature regimes, plots of $30/20^{\circ}C$ showed the highest average above-ground dry weight (168.9g), while plots of $35/25^{\circ}C$ were the lowest (102.3g). In the average bell pepper dry weight, 800ppm of $CO_2$ concentration showed higher bell pepper dry weight (59.5g) than that (44.3g) of 400ppm of $CO_2$ concentration. It was judged that high $CO_2$ concentration was profitable fur bell pepper yield and there was a tendency that when there was high $CO_2$, concentration (800ppm), low temperature ($25/15^{\circ}C$) was profitable for bell pepper dry weight, whereas it was the reverse ($30/20^{\circ}C$), in the case of ambient $CO_2$, concentration (400ppm). In the specific leaf area according to $CO_2$, concentration, 800ppm showed 117.4, which was 35.5% higher compared to that (159.1) of 400ppm, showing that leaf becomes thicker as $CO_2$ concentration increases. Regarding correlation coefficients among crop characteristics, leaf area was negatively correlated with the number of bell peppers per plant and bell pepper dry weight, showing that the higher the leaf area, the lower the bell pepper yield. Bell pepper dry weight per plant showed positively significant correlation with the number of bell peppers per plant and total above dry weight, which showed that the higher the number of bell peppers and the total above dry weight, the higher the bell pepper yield.
This study was carried out to investigate the change of average .specific resistance according to suspension concentration for study phenomena occurring during filtration period. As the results of this study, the following conclusions were obtained. The average specific resistance in 1% $CaCO_3$ suspension was showed power function(R=0.99), whereas in TOYO 5C and TOYO 5A paper were made little difference under high pressure. It represented from results that filtration theory in concord with cake filtration was no affected the average specific resistance of filter medium in cake filtration. In case of 0.1% $CaCO_3$ suspension filtration, the TOYO 5C was showed power function, whereas in TOYO 5A paper differently. In the present study, the $P_1$ value was calculated from the average specific resistance by filtration method. Therefore, $P_1$ value were $1.68\times 10^4Pa$, $4.05\times 10^3Pa$, and $3.15\times 10^3Pa$ in $5.3\times 10^4Pa$, $1.3\times 10^4Pa$, and $8.2\times 10^3Pa$, respectively. We concluded that propriety of new filtration theory was also proved.
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
/
v.8
no.2
/
pp.179-184
/
2007
In this paper, the ventilation characteristics of an underground parking lot with 17 buses has been investigated for two cases by computational fluid dynamics. It has been found that the average concentration of CO and $NO_x$ gas in the parking lot were 1.3 and 0.3 ppm respectively, when four buses operated. When the fifteen vehicles stopped in the parking lot, the average concentration of CO and $NO_x$ gas was 2.9 and 0.8 ppm respectively. The average concentration of two pollutants$(CO,\;NO_x)$ are lower than the standard values. Therefore the facilities and its location is proper to ventilation.
Jeong, Young Ae;Jang, Dong Cheol;Kwon, Jin Kyung;Kim, Dae Hyun;Choi, Eun Young
Journal of Bio-Environment Control
/
v.31
no.3
/
pp.221-229
/
2022
This study was aimed to investigate spatial and vertical characteristics of greenhouse environments according to the location of the environmental sensors, and to investigate the correlations between temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration according to the type of greenhouse. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), CO2, and light sensors were installed in the four-different vertical positions of the whole canopy as well as ground and roof space at the five spatial locations of the Venlo greenhouse. Also, correlations between temperature, light intensity, and CO2 concentration in Venlo and semi-closed greenhouses were analyzed using the Curve Expert Professional program. The deviations among the spatial locations were larger in the CO2 concentration than other environmental factors in the Venlo greenhouse. The average CO2 concentration ranged from 465 to 761 µmol·mol-1 with the highest value (646 µmol·mol-1) at the Middle End (4ME) close to the main pipe (50Ø) of the liquefied CO2 gas supply and lowest (436 µmol·mol-1) at the Left Middle (5LM). The deviation among the vertical positions was greater in temperature and relative humidity than other environments. The time zone with the largest deviation in average temperature was 2 p.m. with the highest temperature (26.51℃) at the Upper Air (UA) and the lowest temperature (25.62℃) at the Lower Canopy (LC). The time zone with the largest deviation in average RH was 1 p.m. with the highest RH (76.90%) at the LC and the lowest RH (71.74%) at the UA. The highest average CO2 concentration at each hour was Roof Air (RF) and Ground (GD). The coefficient of correlations between temperature, light intensity, and CO2 concentration were 0.07 for semi-closed greenhouse and 0.66 for Venlo greenhouse. All the results indicate that while the CO2 concentration in the greenhouse needs to be analyzed in the spatial locations, temperature and humidity needs to be analyzed in the vertical positions of canopy. The target CO2 fertilization concentration for the semi-closed greenhouse with low ventilation rate should be different from that of general greenhouses.
A comprehensive air quality monitoring was carried out to investigate the criteria concentration of air pollutant in indoor of subway stations of Seoul City. The samples were collected twice per year (the first and the second half of the year) at each sampling point from February to September in 1997. Sampling point of subway stations was ticket office and platform. The measurement of indoor air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide(SO$_2$), nitrogen dioxide(NO$_2$), carbon monoxide(CO), carbon dioxide(CO$_2$), total suspended particulate(TSP) was performed to determine the indoor air quality. Heavy metals(Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, As, Hg) were also measured together with those air pollutants. The annual average concentration of CO$_2$ and TSP in subway stations were relatively high while those of heavy metals were within 10% of environmental recommended standard concentration in all stations. As results of regression analysis between line and line of air factors, the concentrations of CO, CO$_2$, TSP, Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu were highly correlated, but those of $SO_2, NO_2$ and Hg were not correlated. As results of regression analysis between ticket office and platform, the concentrations of heavy metals such as Cr and Cu were highly correlated. Results of oneway analysis of variance between the first and the second half of the year air factors also indicated that CO, CO$_2$, Cd, Cu, Hg were significant($\alpha$=0.01), respectively. The average contration of total suspended particulate(TSP) in subway line No. 1 was shown high concentration(200 $\mu g/m^3\cdot$ day) level.
Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
/
2003.11a
/
pp.47-50
/
2003
$CO_2$ concentration profile was measured to investigate whether $CO_2$ concentration at one level (i.e., eddy covariance measurement level) can be used to estimate storage term without significant uncertainty at broadleaf deciduous forest at Kwangneung experiment forest in Korea. Based on t-test with significance level of 5%, there was no statistical difference between storage term from one-level $CO_2$ concentration and one from $CO_2$ profile measurement. Storage term constitutes on average 5% of half hourly net ecosystem exchange (NEE) even at unstable stability (i.e., well mixed condition), indicating that storage term should be considered even at daytime, which is sometimes neglected.
Higher concentrations of ammonia ($NH_3$) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) in animal barns can negatively affect production and health of animals and workers. This paper focuses on measurements of summer concentrations of ammonia ($NH_3$) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) in a naturally ventilated laying henhouse located at an egg production facility in Bursa region, western Turkey. Also, indoor and ambient environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity were measured simultaneously with pollutant gas concentrations. The average $NH_3$ concentrations during summer of 2013 was 8.05 ppm for exhaust and 5.42 ppm for inlet while average $CO_2$ concentration was 732 ppm for exhaust and 625 ppm for inlet throughout summer. The overall minimum, average and maximum values and humidity were obtained as $16.8^{\circ}C$, $24.72^{\circ}C$, and $34.71^{\circ}C$ for indoor temperature and 33.64%, 63.71%, and 86.18% for relative humidity. The lowest exhaust concentrations for $NH_3$ and $CO_2$ were 6.98 ppm and 609 ppm, respectively. They were measured in early morning at the maximum diurnal ventilation rate in July 2013 and August 2013. The highest concentrations were 10.58 ppm for $NH_3$ and 904 ppm for $CO_2$ recorded in the afternoon when the ventilation rate was the lowest in June 2013.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.