• BMB Reports
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• 제48권12호
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• pp.677-684
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• 2015

Cardiovascular function is regulated by the rhythmicity of circadian, infradian and ultradian clocks. Specific time scales of different cell types drive their functions: circadian gene regulation at hours scale, activation-inactivation cycles of ion channels at millisecond scales, the heart's beating rate at hundreds of millisecond scales, and low frequency autonomic signaling at cycles of tens of seconds. Heart rate and rhythm are modulated by a hierarchical clock system: autonomic signaling from the brain releases neurotransmitters from the vagus and sympathetic nerves to the heart's pacemaker cells and activate receptors on the cell. These receptors activating ultradian clock functions embedded within pacemaker cells include sarcoplasmic reticulum rhythmic spontaneous Ca²⁺ cycling, rhythmic ion channel current activation and inactivation, and rhythmic oscillatory mitochondria ATP production. Here we summarize the evidence that intrinsic pacemaker cell mechanisms are the end effector of the hierarchical brain-heart circadian clock system.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2018

We developed multimedia esophageal catheters for use with birds to measure and record ECG and angular velocity while anesthesized, at rest, and in flight. These catheters enable estimates of blood pressure based on readings given by an angular velocity sensor and by RR intervals of ECG affected by EMG. In our experiments, the catheters had the following characteristics: 1. Esophageal catheters offer a topological advantage with 8-dB SNR improvement due to elimination of electromyography (EMG). 2. We observed a very strong correlation between blood pressure and the angular velocity of esophageal catheter axial rotation. 3. The impulse conduction pathway (Purkinje fibers) of the cardiac ventricle has a direction opposite to that of the mammalian pathway. 4. Sympathetic nerves predominate in flight, and RR interval variations are strongly suppressed. The electrophysiological data obtained by this study provided especially the state of the avian autonomic nervous system activity, so we can suspect individual's health condition. If the change of the RR interval was small, we can perform an isolation or screening from the group that prevent the pandemics of avian influenza. This catheter shall be useful to analysis an avian autonomic system, to perform a screening, and to make a positive policy against the massive infected avian influenza.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2003

The study was to evaluate psychological and physiological changes of simulator sickness in the controlled condition of driving a car (1 hr. at speed of 60 km/h) in a graphic simulator. Simulator sickness was measured and analyzed every 5 min using both subjective responses(i.e., Simulator Sickness Questionnaire) and Physiological signals(EEG, HRV, Skin Temperature, GSR). The results showed that there was significant differences in subjective response 10 min after the main experiment. From 10 min after the driving, the level of subjective simulator sickness increased significantly, relative one of the rest condition. There also was significant differences in physiological responses between the rest and the 5 min after from the start of driving : for EEG, $\delta$ and $\theta$ at Fz area increased, while $\alpha$ decreased; the averaged R-R interval and skin temperature decreased; LF/HF and GSR increased. The results indicated that simulator sickness was induced by activation of the autonomic nerves and inactivation of the central nerves.

• 척추신경추나의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2013

Objectives : Many studies are being done in the method of experimental chuna science in China. The aim of this review is to understand and study the methods of experimental chuna science, focusing on the effects of chuna on nervous system. Methods : We reviewed "實驗推拿學"(experimental tuina science) and Chinese journals were searched using China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). Korean journals were searched using 3 Korean web databases(OASIS, NDSL, RISS). Results : By experimental chuna science, analgesic effect of chuna, therapeutic action of chuna on stroke, therapeutic action on polio, effect of modulating autonomic nerves of chuna and effect of modulating thermoregulatory centers of chuna were proved. Conclusions : Experimental chuna science is necessary for development of chuna to a higher level. In Korea, not a lot experimental studies are being done, especially in chuna. For this reason we need to learn and adapt the methods of experimental chuna science of China.

• 척추신경추나의학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chuna treatment(manipulation) on lumbar sprain caused by traffic accident in early stage, by analysis of the Heart Rate Variability(HRV) and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). Methods : This study carried out on 20 patients who have received hospital treatment in Daejeon Univ. cheonan Oriental Hospital. Non-chuna group got acupuncture-therapy, herbal medication, physical therapy and Chuna group got all the therapies and chuna treatment. We measured HRV and VAS on 2nd, 4th day. Results : After being treated by our methods, Chuna group showed the inclination to balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve. In chuna group as compared with non-chuna group, an autonomic nerve activity and stress resistance showed the inclination to increase(p<0.05). And chuna treatment reduced the rate of stress increase. Conclusions : The results suggest that chuna treatment help traffic accident patients in early stage to reduce pain. Refer to autonomic nerve system, chuna treatment seem to do positive effect but Further long term study in a large scale is needed.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to determine effect of Zusan1i(ST36) acupuncture (AP) on the small intestinal motility in the rabbit. Changes in the motility in vivo of ileum was measured before and 20 min. after AP. In order to examine whether AP effect was affected by autonomic nerves, norepinephrine or acetylcholine was applicated. AP significantly increased the mean wave amplitude and motor index, but not the mean wave duration and motor activity. Infusion of norepinephrine ($2{\mu}m$) into an ear vein resulted in a decrease in the mean wave amplitude and motor index, which was not affected by AP. Acetylcholine ($10{\mu}m$) produced inhibition followed by stimulation of motility. The stimulation of motility was induced by an increase in the mean wave amplitude and motor index, but not the mean wave duration and motor activity. The effect of acetylcholine was not significantly different between before and after AP. These results suggest that Zusan1i(ST36) acupuncture stimulates the small intestinal motility, which is not mediated by autonomic nerves. Therefore, Zusan1i(ST36) acupuncture seems to be applicable to impaired small intestinal movement.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.85-100
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• 2011

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the effect of four common types of Qigong position (standing, sitting, supine, and horse-riding position) on the autonomic nervous system. Method : Thirty healthy subjects participated in this study once a week for four weeks. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was measured three times (before, during, and after the position) while the subject maintained one of four positions for ten minutes. Result : There were significant changes HRV in the standing position. In the sitting position, both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves were activated. On the other hand, in the spine position, heart rate (HR) was decreased. Activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves was also observed in this position. Significant increases of indices related to awakening and concentration were observed accompanied by increase of HR and a sympathetic nerve was activated in the riding-horse position. Conclusions : In the present study, it was shown that each Qigong position caused various and significant changes in autonomic nervous system. It would be expected that these results can be applied to choose appropriate Qigong position according to objective of Qigong therapy although it is remained to further evaluate the effects of long-term maintenance of Qigong positions and repeated Qigong training.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the correlation between patterns of dyspepsia(acute dyspepsia, functional dyspepsia, dyspepsia with the organic disease) and autonomic nerve system dysfunction using HRV analysis. Methods : The patient group consisted of 88 patients diagnosed as a dyspepsia (Acute dyspepsia group-35 patients, Functional dyspepsia group-28 patients, Dyspepsia with the organic disease group-28 patients) who visited in the Oriental Medical Hospital of Dong-eui University from 2005.3.OO to 2008.8.OO. And the control group consisted of 33 patients diagnosed as a normal state of stomach during the same period. We checked HRV of the 4 groups over 5 minutes and compared the HRV index between groups. Results : 1. HF, LF, VLF and TP were significantly lower in the acute dyspepsia, functional dyspepsia and organic dyspepsia patient group than in the control group. 2. HF, LF, VLF and TP were higher in the acute dyspepsia patient group than in the organic dyspepsia patient group, but the differences were not statistically significant. 3. HF, LF, VLF and TP were higher in the acute dyspepsia patient group than in the functional dyspepsia patient group, but the differences were not statistically significant. 4. HF, LF, VLF and TP were lower in the functional dyspepsia patient group than in the organic dyspepsia patient group, but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions : Compared to the control group, all of the dyspepsia patient groups showed the tendency that the overall activity of the autonomic nervous system and the activity of sympathetic nerves decreased. Although there was no significant difference in the suppression of the autonomic nervous system, chronic dyspepsia patient group was lower than acute dyspepsia patient group, functional dyspepsia patient group was lower than the organic dyspepsia patient group in HRV.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for temporary improvement of glabellar lines in patients 65 years and younger in 2002, and has also been used widely for aesthetic purposes such as hyperhidrosis, body shape contouring, and other noninvasive facial procedures. BoNT-A inhibits presynaptic exocytosis of acetylcholine (ACh)-containing vesicles into the neuromuscular junction at cholinergic nerve endings of the peripheral nervous system, thereby paralyzing skeletal muscles. ACh is the most broadly used neurotransmitter in the somatic nervous system, preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic nerves, and preganglionic fibers or postganglionic sudomotor nerves of sympathetic nerves. The scientific basis for using BoNT-A in various cosmetic procedures is that its function goes beyond the dual role of muscle paralysis and neuromodulation by inhibiting the secretion of ACh. Although the major target organs for aesthetic procedures are facial expression muscles, skeletal body muscles, salivary glands, and sweat glands, which are innervated by the somatic or autonomic nerves of the peripheral cholinergic nerve system, few studies have attempted to directly explain the anatomy of the areas targeted for injection by addressing the neural physiology and rationale for specific aesthetic applications of BoNT-A therapy. In this article, we classify the various cosmetic uses of BoNT-A according to the relevant component of the peripheral nervous system, and describe scientific theories regarding the anatomy and physiology of the cholinergic nervous system. We also review critical physiological factors and conditions influencing the efficacy of BoNT-A for the rational aesthetic use of BoNT-A. We hope that this comprehensive review helps promote management policies to support long-term, safe, successful practice. Furthermore, based on this, we look forward to developing and expanding new advanced indications for the aesthetic use of BoNT-A in the future.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.192-196
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• 2013

We have investigated the changes of electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) under pulsed magnetic field (PMF) and acupuncture stimulus on acupoint PC9. In order to compare quantitatively the effect of PMF and acupuncture stimulus, the difference of alpha activities are calculated from EEG spectra, and the spectrum curves of ECG were analyzed in the frequency domain of heart rate variability (HRV). The increase of alpha activities after both stimuli could be explained that the impulse of stimulus on PC9 might pass through sensory nerve following meridian and approach the cerebral cortex, causing the central nervous system (CNS) to be activated for pacifying emotion and calming the mind. The decrease in sympathovagal activity of HRV after both stimuli indicates that parasympathetic nerves were activated and the sympathetic nerves were in constrained condition. These findings suggest that PMF could be patient-friendly alternative non-invasive medical treatment for influencing human physiology, in comparison with acupuncture inserting the needle and inducing nervous and anxious state to subject.