• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.228-239
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose an unmanned vehicle scratch detection deep learning model for car sharing services. Conventional scratch detection models consist of two steps: 1) a deep learning module for scratch detection of images before and after rental, 2) a manual matching process for finding newly generated scratches. In order to build a fully automatic scratch detection model, we propose a one-step unmanned scratch detection deep learning model. The proposed model is implemented by applying transfer learning and fine-tuning to the deep learning model that detects changes in satellite images. In the proposed car sharing service, specular reflection greatly affects the scratch detection performance since the brightness of the gloss-treated automobile surface is anisotropic and a non-expert user takes a picture with a general camera. In order to reduce detection errors caused by specular reflected light, we propose a preprocessing process for removing specular reflection components. For data taken by mobile phone cameras, the proposed system can provide high matching performance subjectively and objectively. The scores for change detection metrics such as precision, recall, F1, and kappa are 67.90%, 74.56%, 71.08%, and 70.18%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2022

This paper is a purpose to study and analyze the engine starting failure examples for LPG car. The first example, the researcher verified the phenomenon that didn't supply the fuel because of filter clogging by fine alien substance in the gas valve line when he inspected the emergency cutting valve. The second example, there was no the influence of gas leakage when the solenoid operated at first. But the damage part of solenoid assemblying face wad downed a durability according to running a valve. Eventually, the researcher checked on the phenomenon of engine stopping by no gas feeding in solenoid because of leaking of gas. The third example, the researcher sought that the wiring sheaths of connector fin between EGR 10A fuse and LPG switch verified the burn-out phenomenon due to the bad contacting as tension damage produced the overheating. Therefore, the manager of a car has to do pre-inspection no producing electric failure and he must maintain his car with optimum condition.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.305-316
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• 2022

Hydrogen energy is emerging as an alternative to the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental problems, and the use of hydrogen vehicles is increasing in the automobile industry as well. However, since hydrogen has a wide flammability limit of 4 to 75%, there is a high concern about safety in case of a hydrogen car accident. In particular, in semi-enclosed spaces such as tunnels and underground parking lots, a fire or explosion accompanied by hydrogen leakage is highly likely to cause a major accident. Therefore, it is necessary to review hydrogen safety through analysis of flammability areas caused by hydrogen leakage. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the air velocity in the tunnel on the flammability area was investigated by analyzing the hydrogen concentration according to the hydrogen leakage conditions of hydrogen vehicles and the air velocity in the tunnel in a road tunnel with standard section. Hydrogen leakage conditions were set as one tank leaking and three tanks leaking through the TPRD at the same time and a condition in which a large crack occurred and leaked. And the air velocity in the tunnel were considered 0, 1, 2.5, and 4.0 m/s. As a result of the analysis of the flammability area, it is shown that when the air velocity of 1 m/s or more exists, it is reduced by up to 25% compared to the case of air velocity of 0 m/s. But there is little effect of reducing the flammability area according to the increase of the wind speed. In particular, when a large crack occurs and completely leaks in about 2.5 seconds, the flammability area slightly increases as the air velocity increases. It was found that in the case of downward ejection, hydrogen gas remains under the vehicle for a considerably long time.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.50-60
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• 2022

The concentration levels and distribution characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated and evaluated for total 100 soil samples as a part of the survey on soil contamination in Gwangju. The results (median and range) of T-PAHs (sum of 16 PAH concentrations), C-PAHs (sum of carcinogenic PAH concentrations) and T-TEQs (sum of 16 TEQ concentrations) were 20.8 (7.6~1158.1), 2.2 (N.D~509.6), and 0.3 (N.D~424.6) ㎍/kg, respectively. There was a positive correlation between C-PAHs/T-PAHs and T-TEQs/T-PAHs except one point where the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene was high. The ratios of the C-PAHs/T-PAHs were 31.7% for low molecular weight-PAHs and 68.3% for high molecular weight-PAHs, suggesting that PAHs generation mainly arose from combustion sources. The ratio of isomers of individual PAHs, Phe/Ant, Flu/Pyr, Ant/(Ant+Phe), Flu/(Flu+Pyr), and BaA/(BaA+Chr), also confirmed the predominance of PAHs from combustion activities. Statistical tracing of the source of PAHs through principal component analysis indicated that the main sources of combustion were automobile fuel and coal. The overall results of this study suggested HMW-PAHs, T-PAHs, C-PAHs and T-TEQs should be separately evaluated to better assess the toxicity and environmental behavior of individual PAHs.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.71-82
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• 2022

In order to replace the sampling tensile test of products produced in the tab welding process, which is one of the automotive battery manufacturing processes, vision inspectors are currently being developed and used. However, the vision inspection has the problem of inspection position error and the cost of improving it. In order to solve these problems, there are recent cases of applying deep learning technology. As one such case, this paper tries to examine the usefulness of applying Faster R-CNN, one of the deep learning technologies, to existing product inspection. The images acquired through the existing vision inspection machine are used as training data and trained using the Faster R-CNN ResNet101 V1 1024x1024 model. The results of the conventional vision test and Faster R-CNN test are compared and analyzed based on the test standards of 0% non-detection and 10% over-detection. The non-detection rate is 34.5% in the conventional vision test and 0% in the Faster R-CNN test. The over-detection rate is 100% in the conventional vision test and 6.9% in Faster R-CNN. From these results, it is confirmed that deep learning technology is very useful for detecting welding error of lead tabs in automobile batteries.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.3-17
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• 2022

The automobile-centered lifestyle has provided many advantages to urban residents, but it is also causing various problems. Among them, illegal parking is one of the representative urban problems that negatively affect them. The purpose of this study is to derive the urban environmental factors affecting illegal parking and provide policy implications by using data related to illegal parking among civil complaints about smart inconvenience reports in Seoul in 2019. It was judged that the influencing factors would differ depending on the time of the complaint, and the analysis was conducted by dividing the time of the complaint into a whole day, daytime, and nighttime. As a result of the analysis of this study, it was found that land-use variables and the number of POI facilities were closely related to illegal parking complaints. Also, the subway station area and road width were found to be closely related to illegal parking complaints. On the other hand, parking facilities did not show significant results with illegal parking complaints. This study showed that the use of civic complaint data could be used as important data to identify urban problems that city residents actually experience and to come up with policy implications.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.197-217
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• 2022

As automated vehicle(AV) accidents continue to occur, the importance of safety verification to ensure the safety and reliability of automated driving system(ADS) is being emphasized. In order to encure safety and reliability, it is necessary to define an operational design domain(ODD) of the ADS and verify the safety of the ADS while evaluating its ability to respond in situations outside of the ODD. To this, international associations such as SAE, BSI, NHTSA, ISO, etc. stipulate ODD standards. However, in Korea, there is no standard for the ODD, so automated vehicles's ODD expression method and safety verification and evaluation are not properly conducted. Therefore, this study analyzed overseas ODD standards and selected suitable ODD for safety verification and evaluation, and presented evaluation elements for ADS safety verification and evaluation. In particular, evaluation elements were selected by analyzing the evaluation environment of the automated driving experimental city (K-City) that supports the development of ADS technology.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.199-214
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• 2022

A relative important analysis was conducted to determine what factors are required for port selection in Mokpo New Port and what needs to be addressed first in order to expand automobile and steel cargo handling. The port selection factors of Mokpo New Port were classified into 4 major and 13 intermediate categories, and AHP analysis was used. As a result, items such as 'port facilities', 'accessibility to international ports', 'port facility usage fees', and 'connectivity with neighboring cities/ports' were evaluated as important. The respondent groups were divided into shipowner and shipper, port operator and stevedore, and public official, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to verify if there was a difference in perception between the groups. As a result, shipowner and shipper, port operator and stevedore were similar, but there was a difference from public official group. Shipowner and shipper, port operator and stevedore with similar response characteristics were classified into the 'port practitioner' group, and public official were classified into the 'port policy maker' group, and the difference in perception between the group was tested. Therefore, there were differences in some major category items, and even in the intermediate category items such as 'possession of adjacent hinterland industrial complex', 'cargo equipment', '24-hour port operation', 'inland transportation cost', 'accessibility to international ports', 'marketing and incentives' with statistical. In other words, the 'port practitioner' group evaluated items that can increase cargo creation and handling productivity as important whereas the 'port policy maker' group considers port development and policies such as port infrastructure, connectivity with other ports, and incentive support items are more important.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

Modeling of artificial targets in Synthetic Aperture radar (SAR) mainly simulates radar signals reflected from the faces and edges of the 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) model with a ray-tracing method, and modeling of the clutter on the Earth's surface uses a method of distinguishing types with similar distribution characteristics through statistical analysis of the SAR image itself. In this paper, man-made targets on the surface and background clutter on the terrain are integrated and made into a three-dimensional (3D) point cloud scatterer model, and SAR image were created through computational signal processing. The results of the SAR Stripmap image generation of the actual automobile based SAR radar system and the results analyzed using EM modeling or statistical distribution models are compared with this 3D point cloud scatterer model. The modeling target is selected as an bridge because it has the characteristic of having both water surface and ground terrain around the bridge and is also a target of great interest in both military and civilian use.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.75-87
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• 2015

As more companies become interested in global markets, it has become crucial for firms to create globalized brands whose positioning, advertising strategy, personality, looks, and feel are consistent across nations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the global branding strategy of the Hyundai Motor Company (hereafter HMC) in order to show how the company processes its branding strategy. HMC, one of the leading global companies in the automobile industry, set up its brand identity as "Modern premium", in alignment with their new slogan "New Thinking New Possibilities", in 2011. The aim of the "Modern premium" concept was to provide consumers with new experiences and values beyond their expectations. HMC wanted their consumers to think of their cars as not only a medium of transportation but as a life space, where they can share experiences alongside HMC. In an effort to conduct consumer research in 5 different nations, HMC selected "brilliant" as a key communication concept. The word "brilliant" expresses the functional, experiential, and emotional dimensions of HMC. HMC furthermore chose "live brilliant" as a key campaign message in order to reinforce their communication concept. After this decision, the "live brilliant" campaign was exhibited through major broadcast channels around the world. The campaign was the company's first worldwide brand campaign, where a single message was applied to all major markets, with the goal of building up a consistent image as a global brand. This global branding strategy is worth examining due to its significant contribution to growth generation in the global market. Overall, the 'live brilliant' global brand campaign not only improved HMC's reputation image-wise, with the 'Modern Premium' conceptualization of the brand as 'simple', 'creative' and 'caring', but also improved the consumer's familiarity, preference and purchase intention of HMC. In fact, the "live brilliant" campaign was a successful campaign which increased HMC's brand value. Notably, HMC's brand value increased continuously and reached 9 billion US dollars in 2013, leading it to reach 43rd place in the Global Brand Rankings according to the brand consulting group Interbrand. Its brand value largely surpassed that of Nissan (65th) and Chevrolet (89th) in 2013. While it is true that the global branding strategy of HMC involved higher risks, it was highly successful according to cross-nation consumer research. Therefore, this paper concludes that the global branding strategy of HMC made a positive impact on its performance. We further suggest HMC to combine its successful marketing with social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram and embrace digital media by extending its brand communication horizon to the mobile internet