• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제64권10호
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• pp.538-542
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• 2021

Background: The relationship between small for gestational age (SGA) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) remains unknown. Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the relationship between SGA and the risk of ASD. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from inception to November 2020. The heterogeneity across studies was explored using the I² statistic. The possibility of publication bias was assessed using Begg test. The results were reported using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. Results: The literature search yielded 824 articles with 8,752,138 participants. We assessed the association between SGA and the risk of ASD in cohort and case-control studies. Based on the random-effects model, compared with SGA, the estimated OR of the risk of ASD was 1.17 (95% CI, 1.09-1.24). Therefore, there was a significant association between SGA and the risk of ASD. Conclusion: Based on OR reports in epidemiological studies, we showed that SGA is a risk factor for and can increase the risk of ASD. The association between SGA and ASD risk has further relevance to the current public health emphasis on appropriate prepregnancy weight and pregnancy weight gain.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to systematically review the studies on the effects of social story intervention on the individuals with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) to provide the basis for evidence-based practice. Methods : In order to find out the studies on the effect of social story intervention on individuals with ASD, studies published from 2011 to December 2020 were searched on Google Academic Search. The keywords used were "autism spectrum disorder AND social story". A total of 16,900 studies were searched, and from these, 12 studies were selected based on the application of the selection and exclusion criteria. The included studies comprised of 10 single subject design studies and 2 randomized controlled trials design studies. The included studies were analyzed in accordance to population, intervention, outcome measures and results. Results : As a result of analysing the subjects of the included studies, we found out that pre-school children and adolescents were the most common groups of individuals diagnozsed with ASD. In addition to ASD, the diagnosis of the subjects included intellectual disability, Asperger, and Prader-willi. We found out that there were more interventions that were mixed with other interventions, than just the pure social story interventions. In particular, video modeling was found to be the most frequent intervention. This was followed by photo-based social stories. For outcome measure, autism social skills profile was found to be the most often used standardized assessment. For a non-standardized assessment, social desired behavior was found to be the most frequently evaluated behavior, followed by personal problem behavior. Of all the dependent variables, the dependent variable reported as "effective" was the most, followed by "some effective". Conclusion : This study is organized to help the individuals with ASD, families, researchers, and therapists understand the effects of social story intervention on the individuals with ASD in an easy fashion. Further, therapists can use this study as the basic data for evidence-based practice.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.613-623
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• 2022

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder associated with cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders. It affects the person's behavior and performance. Autism affects verbal and non-verbal communication in social interactions. Early screening and diagnosis of ASD are essential and helpful for early educational planning and treatment, the provision of family support, and for providing appropriate medical support for the child on time. Thus, developing automated methods for diagnosing ASD is becoming an essential need. Herein, we investigate using various machine learning methods to build predictive models for diagnosing ASD in children using facial images. To achieve this, we used an autistic children dataset containing 2936 facial images of children with autism and typical children. In application, we used classical machine learning methods, such as support vector machine and random forest. In addition to using deep-learning methods, we used a state-of-the-art method, that is, automated machine learning (AutoML). We compared the results obtained from the existing techniques. Consequently, we obtained that AutoML achieved the highest performance of approximately 96% accuracy via the Hyperpot and tree-based pipeline optimization tool optimization. Furthermore, AutoML methods enabled us to easily find the best parameter settings without any human efforts for feature engineering.

• BMB Reports
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• 제52권7호
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• pp.424-433
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• 2019

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental monogenic disorder with a strong genetic influence. Idiopathic autism could be defined as a type of autism that does not have a specific causative agent. Among signalling cascades, mTOR signalling pathway plays a pivotal role not only in cell cycle, but also in protein synthesis and regulation of brain homeostasis in ASD patients. The present review highlights, underlying mechanism of mTOR and its role in altered signalling cascades as a triggering factor in the onset of idiopathic autism. Further, this review discusses how distorted mTOR signalling pathway stimulates truncated translation in neuronal cells and leads to downregulation of protein synthesis at dendritic spines of the brain. This review concludes by suggesting downstream regulators such as p70S6K, eIF4B, eIF4E of mTOR signalling pathway as promising therapeutic targets for idiopathic autistic individuals.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.26-42
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to figure out the recent trend of the treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by comparing Korean and Chinese clinical studies. Methods National Digital Science Library (NDSL), Oriental medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS) and Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal (KTKP) were used to search Korean studies which were published from January, 2011 to May, 2017. Also Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang data were used to search Chinese studies which were published from the same period. Key words of 'Autism' and 'Autism spectrum disorder' were used. Results 3 Korean studies and 21 Chinese studies were selected and analyzed to find out the most commonly used diagnostic criteria, treatments, including herbal medicine and acupuncture, and treatment assessment procedures. Conclusions As a result of comparing Korean and Chinese clinical studies for the treatment of ASD, both Korean and Chinese medicine treatments showed their effectiveness. However, there were some differences between two countries' clinical trends. In order for this study to be helpful, more highly evidenced clinical studies should be followed.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2018

The intervention of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is limited research focus on the effect of occupational-based intervention. This study sought to determine the effect of occupational-based intervention of chopstick skills for children with ASD. This study included a total of 3 children with ASD.Using single-subject study design, a changing criterion design and ABC design were implemented. The participants' behavior was observed and recorded throughout each session. In this study, the results were analyzed through visual graphs. The amount of food that was moved using the chopsticks was gradually increased. The results show that all participants significantly improved in their ability to use chopsticks in each intervention session. In addition, Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) improved the generalization. According to the AMPS, both the overall motor and process skills increased from baseline an average of 0.7 logit. The results of this study showed occupational-based intervention on chopsticks skill to be effective in acquisition and generalization of chopstick skill in children with ASD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the differences in the facial emotion recognition and discrimination ability between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Fifty-three children aged 7 to 11 years participated in this study. Among them, 43 were diagnosed with ADHD and 10 with ASD. The parents of the participants completed the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist, ADHD Rating Scale and Conner's scale. The participants completed the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition and Advanced Test of Attention (ATA), Penn Emotion Recognition Task and Penn Emotion Discrimination Task. The group differences in the facial emotion recognition and discrimination ability were analyzed by using analysis of covariance for the purpose of controlling the visual omission error index of ATA. Results: The children with ADHD showed better recognition of happy and sad faces and less false positive neutral responses than those with ASD. Also, the children with ADHD recognized emotions better than those with ASD on female faces and in extreme facial expressions, but not on male faces or in mild facial expressions. We found no differences in the facial emotion discrimination between the children with ADHD and ASD. Conclusion: Our results suggest that children with ADHD recognize facial emotions better than children with ASD, but they still have deficits. Interventions which consider their different emotion recognition and discrimination abilities are needed.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

목적 : 본 연구는 자폐스펙트럼장애(Autism Spectrum Disorder; ASD) 아동을 대상으로 전산화 인지재활이 주의력에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 개별대상자 실험연구 방법 중 다중 기초선 설계를 사용하였다. 총 15회기를 주 3회씩 1회기 당 30분 동안 진행하였다. 전산화 인지재활 프로그램의 주의력 영역에서 유지 주의력과 선택적 주의력 검사를 매 회기가 끝난 직후에 평가하였다. 선택적 주의력을 평가하기 위하여 사전과 사후에 별 지우기 검사(star cancellation test)를 실시하였다. 결과 : 전산화 인지재활 중재 후 유지 주의력과 선택적 주의력의 검사에서 정확도는 대상자 모두 향상되었다. 2표준편차 구간을 이용한 분석방법에서 대상자 1, 2가 유의한 증진이 나타났고 대상자 3은 유의하지 않았지만 평균값이 향상되었다. 결론 : 본 연구 결과를 통해 전산화 인지재활 프로그램을 사용한 인지재활은 ASD 아동의 주의력에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.383-390
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• 2018

Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental syndrome with an increasingly prevalent etiology, yet not fully understood. It has been thought that vitamin D, complex B vitamin levels and homocysteine are associated with environmental factors and are important in ASD. The aim of this study was to examine serum vitamin D, vitamin D receptor (VDR), homocysteine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folate levels in ASD. Methods: In this study, serum vitamin D and VDR, homocysteine, vitamins B6, B12 and folate levels were determined in 60 patients with ASD (aged 3 to 12 years) and in 45 age-gender matched healthy controls. In addition, calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase, which are associated with vitamin D metabolism, were measured from serum in both groups. ASD severity was evaluted by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Results: Serum vitamin D and VDR were substantially reduced in patients with ASD in comparision to control group. However, homocysteine level was significantly higher and vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folate were also reduced in patients with ASD. Total CARS score showed a positive association with homocysteine and a negative correlation with vitamins D,B6, B12, folate and VDR. Conclusion: This comprehensive study, which examines many parameters has shown that low serum levels of vitamins D, B6, B12, folate and VDR as well as high homocysteine are important in the etiopathogenesis of ASD. However, further studies are required to define the precise mechanism(s) of these parameters and their contributions to the etiology and treatment of ASD.

• 인간행동과 음악연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 국내 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동(Autism Spectrum Disorder, 이하 ASD)과 일반 아동(Typically developing, 이하 TD)의 음악 단서와 시각 단서 조건에 따른 4가지 기본정서(행복, 슬픔, 분노, 두려움) 인식 정확도를 평가하기 위해 실험연구가 실시되었다. 본 연구의 참여자는 ASD 진단 기준을 충족한 만 7세~13세 아동 9명과 일반 아동 14명으로, 모든 참가자를 대상으로 4가지 기본정서 인식 능력을 평가하는 음악 과제와 시각 과제를 실시하였다. ASD 아동과 TD 아동의 단서 조건, 즉 음악 단서와 시각 단서에 따른 정서를 인식하는 정확도와 정서 유형에 있어 차이가 있는지를 비교 분석한 결과, ASD 아동이 TD 아동에 비해 정서 인식 정확도가 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 또한, 시각 단서보다 음악 단서에서 정서 인식 정확도가 높은 경향으로 나왔다. 마지막으로 정서 유형에 따른 차이는 ASD 아동과 TD 아동 두 그룹 모두 음악 단서에서 행복이 정서 인식 정확도가 높게 나타났고, 시각 단서에서 ASD 아동은 행복이 TD 아동은 분노가 가장 높게 나타났다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 ASD 아동은 음악 매체가 제공되었을 때 시각 매체보다 정서를 보다 잘 인식할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 국내에서 ASD 아동 대상 정서와 관련된 첫 시도라는 점에 의의가 있으며 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 관련한 후속 연구가 지속적으로 시행되기를 기대한다.