• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 1982

Paragonimus westermani is one of the most popular endemic parasitic diseases in Korea. The nation-wide prevalence survey were carried out by Gobayashi (1921) with sputum examination and by Walton and Chyu (1959) with the intradermal skin test respectively. Recent studies showed the decline of positive rate in intradermal skin test of the local inhabitants and also showed the less distribution of intermediate host. The fact seemed that caused by economic improvement of village people, decrease of intermediate host by increasing use of pesticides, becoming lower water level at streams and rivers and better irrigation and finally by better community health education etc. Gangwha area of Gyeonggi-Do was found out as an endemic area of Paragonimus westermani through some studies in the past, however, in the vicinity area of Gangwha, the study in Kyodong island (myon) was carried out in 1965 by Yun et al. Therefore author carried out the intradermal skin test for 2,380 students of primary, middle and high school in Kyodong island and Samsan island. The results showed as follows : 1) The positive rate of intradermal test for paragonimus westermani infection showed positive in 152 among 1,845 students (8.2%) in Kyodong island, and 21 among 637 students (3.3%) in Samsan island respectively. 2) According to grade levels, 49 among 973 students (5.0%) in primary school, 62 among 962 students (6.4%) in middle school and 53 among 445 students (11.9%) in high school showed positive rate. This showed the higher grade the higher positive rate. 3) Among these total 164 positive cases in the intradermal skin test, only in 3 cases eggs were found in sputum. 4) Finding out the intermediate host, only 28 crayfishes from Kyodong island and 12 from Samsan island were collected and examined for metacercaria infection, however, none of metacercaria was found. 5) As a control group, 2 primary schools from the main island were selected. In these schools from the sixth grade students showed positive rate of 4.8% in Naega primary school and 0% in Hajeom Primary school respectively. Those results showed much decrease than studies carried out in the past. 6) The survey for food habit showed that 15 among 1,274 students (1.2%) had experiences of eating raw intermediate host(crayfish) and 266 among 988 students (27.0%) ate cooked.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2008

Ribosomal Protein S4Y(RPS4Y) gene is the human sex-linked gene on the Y chromosome. There are a number of reports on the sex determination using RPS4Y gene analysis for prevention and diagnosis in sex-linked disease. Thus RPS4Y gene is a reliable genetic marker for sex determination in forensic medicine. In general, the sex determination of an unidentified body can be achieved based on anatomical characteristics, but sometimes sex determination was considered to be difficult such as pre-adolescent bodies or decomposed, mutilated bodies. In this case, Sex determination using PCR method in human teeth produces good results. Because human teeth have a great structural durability, the DNA well preserved in the teeth. So author isolated nuclear DNA from the 20 human teeth(10 males, 10 females), performed to detect RPS4Y gene by PCR method. Samples were divided four group(10 pulp and 10 dentinal tissue in male, 10 pulp and 10 dentinal tissue in female). It was found that detection of RPS4Y gene for sex determination was possible in all the male pulp tissues and 6 out of 10 male dentinal tissues. But there was not detected in female pulp and dentinal tissues. In the view of this results demonstrates the possibility that detection of RPS4Y gene with other sex chromosome genes from the human teeth is useful to sex determination in forensic medicine.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2008

Dental pulp cells are assumed to possess the capacity to elaborate both bone and dentin matrix under the pathological conditions following tooth injury. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on various gene expression regarding dentinogenesis and cell viability assay in cultured primary human dental pulp cells. The author also examined the effects of this material on cellular alkaline phosphatase activity as a potential indicator of dentinogenesis. For gene expression on MTA, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed using primer sets of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase(ALP), osteonectin, and dentin sialoprotein after 2 and 4 days. Cell viability assay showed that the proportion of MTA-treated pulp cells which had been exposed for 5 days to MTA was higher than that of the control cells. Among the genes investigated in this study, ALP and osteonectin(SPARC) were increased in MTA treated group than in control. These findings suggest that this dental pulp culture system may be useful in the future as a model for studying the mechanisms underlying dentin regeneration after the treatment with MTA. Exposure to MTA material would not induce cytotoxic response in the dental pulp cells. In addition, MTA could influence the behavior of human pulp cells by increasing the ALP activity and SPARC synthesis.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 1985

This paper was carried out for comparison of respiratory symptoms between urban and rural residents that is somewhat related to air pollution. And as urban residents, 470 persons of Daegu (Taegu) and 364 of Pohang were selected and 472 rural residents were also, in Eusong-Gun, those who were responded to questionnaire distributed from April 10, 1984 to April 30 through students of middle or high school. The subjects were families of the student. The questionnaire was appropriately modified the item B of Cornell Medical Index by author. Looking into the rate of complaints about each part, generally, the rate in urban is higher than that in rural. Particulary it is higher to 'feeling a choking lump or swelling of throat', 'the sputum' and 'the asthma' in the city (p<0.05). On the contrary, women in the farm village, to 'caught a severe cold' as compared with the city. In men under nineteen yearn of age, it is higher than the farm village to 'feeling a choking lump or swelling of throat' of Pohang (p<0.05). But in men forties, it is higher than the city that farm people are 'soaking sweat at night' and 'foreign body sensation on throat'. Students hardly differ between the two areas, while the group having occupation in Pohang felt more in 'feeling a choking lump or swelling of throat' than the farm residents. As the result, I consider that the rural residents were much affected by physical fatigue and pestisides, and the urban, by some problems of industrial fuel, traffic gas and various dusts.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.403-415
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• 1974

The author has investigated epidemiological features of human cases of epidemic encephalitis (E. E.) in the Republic of Korea and the status of antibody requisition in pre-and post-epidemic time. And virological and serological studies with regarding the relationship of E. E. infection between human and piglet, and field survey against its vector by means of virus isolation from mosquitoes were carried out. Finally, vaccine field trial against human population has also been evaluated in order to confirm its effectiveness. The results of the studies are summarized as follows : 1. The annual incidence of reported cases during the past 25 years (1949-1973) in the Republic of Korea has shown two patterns, one was typical cyclic incidence and the other one was irregular. Annual average morbidity and mortality rate per 100,000 population were 5.7 and 2.1 and fatality rate was 34.6% in typical cyclic years. 2. With regard to the geographical distribution of E. E., the province of Jeolla-Bug-Do illustrated the highest incidence regardless of the epidemic size. 3. The main epidemic period was between mid-August and mid-September (above 90% of the total number of cases). The first case was reported in middle of July and the epidemic ceased in late of October. 4. An analysis of the age distribution of cases of E. E., has shown that above 90% of the total cases occurred in the age groups under 14 years and it was noted that about its 54% were occurred in the age groups between 5-9 years group. 5. Through the Haemagglutination Inhibition (H-I) test for the laboratory diagnosis of E. E., it was found that higher H-I antibody titer was usually detected in the convalescent phase, 15 days after onset. 6. The H-I antibody survey against 563 healthy population by age groups during the pre-epidemic season showed that 422(75%) were less than H-I titer, 1:20 and 122(21.7%) were positive H-I titer, 1:20. Among the 94 American in Seoul who had not been in E. E. endemic area previously only one person had appeared sero-conversion as a H-I titer of 1:80 after post-epidemic season. 7. The E. E. virus could be isolated from the mosquitos pools-C, tritaeniorhyncus which were caught between late July and middle August. 8. E.E. Virus was also isolated from piglet blood on early August and H-I antibody conversion was occurred mostly on middle of August. 9. H-I antibody sero-conversion rate reached to high level when vaccine purified by mouse brain tissue inoculated, showing 98.9%. Higher antibody titer was acquired when booster inoculation was performed, Four fold rise of H-I add N-T antibodies was confirmed with 93.2% and 82.1% respectively.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.769-788
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• 2014

Today, all the countries of the world newly recognize importance of sea on 70% area of the earth, which are focused on efforts for security of marine territory and fishes resources. On the security concerns of the ocean & fishes resources, Sea are very important on the ground of the importance of the ocean, thus international community has been trying to combat a maritime security threat and illegal fisheries. Coastal states need to have proper state's jurisdiction and exercise it's jurisdiction to response effectively to a maritime security threat and illegal fisheries. Here, many of the coastal states strengthened the rights in Exclusive Economic Zone(;EEZ) naturally, there are made cooperation activities and keen competition in the sea because deepening of complex understanding of the relationship between the surrounding countries with marine surveys & continental shelf development, island territorial sovereignty & marine jurisdiction in overlap of sea area on EEZ. In these circumstances, foreign fishing boats invaded to our territorial waters and EEZ many times. in addition, Chinese fishing boats are going to illegal fisheries naturally. On this point, a powerful crackdown of maritime enforcement organization had no effect on them. Also more and more their resistance gathered strength and tendency of a illegal activities became systematization, group action and atrocity little by little. So this thesis includes a study on the regal regulation, the system and formalities on the control of illegal fishing. And the author analyzed the details of the activities of illegal fishing and boats controlled by Korea Coast Guard(KCG), fishing patrol vessels of Ministry of Maritime Affaires and Fisheries(MOMAF) and Navy etc. from in adjacent sea area of Korea. In relation to this, the policy and activity plan were devised to crackdown to illegal fisheries of foreign fishing boats and then it was enforced every year. According to this, analyze the present conditions of illegal fisheries of a foreign fishing boats on this study, also analyze the present conditions of maritime enforcement organization & found out problems to compared it. protect the territorial waters, at the same time protection of marine mineral resources & fishes resources of EEZ including continental shelf, which has want to study for the role & response of maritime enforcement organization for the protection of fisheries resources and a proper, a realistic confrontation plan of maritime enforcement organization against illegal fisheries of foreign fishing boats.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 1984

The author has sought to determine the time and the sequence of permanent teeth eruption in Korean children. The study group consisted of 15,671 healthy children (male 8,015 ; female 7,656) aged 5-13 years old who lived in Seoul or Cheongju. The results were as follows : 1. The eruption times of permanent teeth were 0.45 years earlier in females than in males. 2. The ages corresponding to $ER_{50}$ of permanent teeth were as follows : In Maxilla 1) central incisor was 7.37 yrs 2) lateral incisor was 8.50 yrs 3) canine was 10.83 yrs 4) 1st premolar was 10.30 yrs 5) 2nd premolar was 11.09 yrs 6) 1st molar was 6.49 yrs 7) 2nd molar was 12.79 yrs In Mandible 1) central incisor was 6.40 yrs 2) lateral incisor was 7.41 yrs 3) canine was 10.18 yrs 4) 1st premolar was 10.26 yrs 5) 2nd premolar was 11.15 yrs 6) 1st molar was 6.32 yrs 7) 2nd molar was 12.05 yrs 3. The eruption sequence of permanent teeth by Z-test was as follow: In Male 1st : Mandibular 1st molar, and Mandibular central incisor 2nd : Maxillary 1st molar 3rd : Maxillary central incisor 4th : Mandibular lateral incisor 5th : Maxillary lateral incisor 6th : Mandibular canine, Maxillary and Mandibular 1st premolar 7th : Maxillary canine 8th : Maxillary and Mandibular 2nd premolar 9th : Mandibular 2nd molar 10th : Maxillary 2nd molar In Female 1st : Mandibular 1st molar, and Mandibular central incisor 2nd : Maxillary 1st molar 3rd : Mandibular lateral incisor, Maxillary central incisor 4th : Maxillary lateral incisor 5th : Mandibular canine, Maxillary and Mandibular 1st premolar 6th : Maxillary canine 7th : Maxillary and Mandibular 2nd premolar 8th : Mandibular 2nd molar 9th : Maxillary 2nd molar 4. The corresponding permanent teeth in the mandible generally erupted earlier than the corresponding permanent teeth in the maxilla by an average of 0.73 years, but the mean eruption time of mandibular 1st premolars was almost the same as those of maxillary 1st premolars, and the mean eruption time of mandibular 2nd premolars was 0.06 years later than those of maxillary 2nd premolars. 5. There is no significant difference between left and right arch in the eruption time and sequence. 6. Generally, the ages of permanent teeth eruption tended to be earlier than those of Dr. Cha's data from 1963.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.211-231
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• 2011

RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA(Vertical Marketing System) developed by the Japanese Leading Manufacturers began to turn weak with the presence of the large- scaled retail enterprises since 1980’s. Therefore the alliances between major manufacturers & large distributors that were in the conflict relations for a long time began to progress. In accordance with this change in the distribution channel practice, the stance of the distribution channel theory in Japan had also changed. As the normative researcher group who had been critical to RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA and sympathetic to the task of merchant judged that it would disappear sooner or later, they considered positively the alliances between major manufacturers & large distributors which the latter were in dominant position. On the other hand, even the empirical researchers who supported the affirmative function of RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA changed their standpoint. They recognized the new channel practice, in other words the vertical alliances between the power companies, would be the frontier of research in accordance with the impetus of positivism in terms of the Marketing methodology. Thus, researchers of distribution channel theory in Japan who supported the normative approach become few and even changed to hurry to absorb in the empirical research, while moving the main focus of the research from RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA to the Alliances. In the long run, the distribution channel theory which was regarded as the leading principle of the Japanese Marketing has just made the methodological paradigm shift. The author suggests a critical viewpoint against the current Japan’s academism with the assumption that RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA has negative aspects.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.535-546
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to classify mandibular dental arch forms based on Raberin's method, and to compare Raberin's arch forms with that of the Korean's, and to designate arch form of bracket level according to distance between cusp tip and buccal surface of bracket level. The sample consisted of 159 mandibular dental casts showing normal occlusion which was taken from 62 males and 97 females of the Korean, aging from 13 to 25 years. The model was taken by X-ray. The landmarks were cusp points which expressed the mandibular dental arch line of cusp tips and buccal points which were measured from cusp tips to buccal surfaces of bracket level. The landmarks on the film were digitized, and measurements and statistics were performed. The results were as follows; 1. The models were classified as type 1, type 2, type 3, type 4 and type 5 by the author, and polynomial functions of the six degree and R-square values were calculated using statistical method, and each calculated equations explained each group with the least R-square value of 0.97, and each arch forms' were plotted. 2. The distribution of type 1 was $17.6\%$, type 2 $20.8\%$, type 3 $20.8\%$, type 4 $16.3\%$ and type 5 $24.5\%$. 3. The Korean arch form was characterized by larger width, smaller height compared to the French arch form. 4. The designated arch form of bracket level, viz the distance between cusp point and buccal point was calculated. The distance between cusp point and buccal point of incisor was 1mm, canine 1.9mm, first premolar 2.5mm, second premolar 2.6mm, first molar 2.7mm and second molar 2.7mm.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.423-446
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• 2003

Library and information science professionals have to grasp user's needs and make the best decisions when designing, acquiring, and managing library information systems. However, it is not easy for them to make the decision owing to the lack of an understanding of the characteristics of a specific user group in computer-based information systems in libraries. The aim of this study was to provide information on the characteristics and abilities of specific user groups such as male & female student groups, undergraduate & graduate ones, Sciences and Humanities majored ones etc. The actual OPAC systems were searched by specific student user groups in selected academic libraries in both Republic of Korea and the States for the purpose(Author, Title, and Subject search). Ouestionnaire was prepared and administered to Korean college students in the city of Taegu, Korea and adjacent area. Two hundred and seven usable questionnaires were obtained and analyzed. These were analyzed using descriptive, inferential statistics, and SPSS software. The major findings by data analysis of this study were described in chapters 4 and 5 of this paper in detail. Also, conclusions were drawn from the findings in this paper, and recommendations were proposed when designing, adopting, or managing a new system.