• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.46-57
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• 2017

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder that can affect individuals across their lifespan. It is characterized by the core symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. ADHD develops as a result of the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Children and adults with ADHD usually suffer concomitantly from other psychiatric comorbidities, including both externalizing and internalizing disorders. It is associated with functional impairment and poor long-term outcomes. This review aims to summarize the key findings from recent research into ADHD and its prevalence, core symptoms, cause and comorbidities from childhood to adulthood.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the association between the symptoms of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms, temperament and character patterns of their parents. Methods : Forty-five boys with ADHD and who met the DSM-IV criteria were evaluated by using the ADHD rating scale (ADHD-RS), and their parents completed the Korean Adult ADHD scale (K-AADHDS) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Results : The parental K-AADHDS scores were not associated with the ADHD-RS total score and the subscale scores of their siblings. The most potent variable related to the ADHD-RS total score was the maternal self-directedness, and the second was the maternal persistence. The maternal self-directedness was the variable that was most correlated with the hyperactivity/impulsivity subscale scores of the ADHD-RS. Conclusion : The results suggest that the paternal ADHD symptoms may not be related to the ADHD symptoms of boys with ADHD. Higher maternal self-directedness and persistence may decrease overall the ADHD symptoms of these boys, and higher maternal self-directedness itself may predict lower hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms of the boys with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2019

Objectives: This study investigated quality of life in Korean juvenile inmates with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the impact of behavioral and emotional problems on quality of life. Methods: In total, 200 inmates were evaluated using the Korean version of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (K-MINI) and the Korean version of the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL-K). We extracted the inmates with ADHD and evaluated their quality of life, behavioral problems, and emotional problems with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and the Korean Youth Self Report (K-YSR) scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: Among the 200 total inmates, 68 were diagnosed with ADHD by the K-SADS-PL-K. Most of the correlations between PedsQL scores and K-YSR items were significant. Multiple regression analysis showed that PedsQL could be predicted by affective problems (among the DSM-oriented scales of the K-YSR) and attention problems (among the syndrome scales of the K-YSR). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that, among juvenile inmates with ADHD, quality of life was negatively correlated with most behavioral and emotional problems. Meanwhile, the significant influence of affective and attention problems on inmates' quality of life suggests the necessity of comprehensive treatments for this group.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 1998

성인기의 양극성장애와 정신분열병 환자에서 아동기에 주의력결핍-과다활동 증상을 조사하여 서로의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 저자들은 40세 미만의 남자 중 원주기독병원에서 추적진료중인 26명의 양극성장애군, 29명의 정신분열병군, 그리고 27명의 정상대조군에서 Wender Utah Rating Scale(WURS), WURS 25개 항목(WURS-25), Parent Rating Scale(PRS)을 이용하여 아동기의 주의력결핍-과다활동 증상을 비교하였다. 양극성장애군은 정상대조군과 비교하여 WURS의 평균득점이 의미있게 높았다. WURS-25와 PRS의 평균득점도 양극성장애군이 다른 두 군에 비해 의미있게 높았다. 그러나 정신분열병군에서 WURS, WURS-25, PRS 각각의 평균 득점은 정상대조군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. WURS와 PRS는 양극성장애군과 정상대조군에서 상관관계를 보였지만 정신분열병군에서는 상관관계가 없었다. 양극성장애군에서 정신분열병군과 정상대조군에 비해 아동기의 주의력결핍-과다활동 증상이 더 많았으며, 이 결과는 양극성장애와 주의력결핍-과다활동장애의 연관성을 시사한다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.312-319
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• 2008

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsiveness. Current estimates suggest that 4-12% of school age children are affected by ADHD, which hampers proper social relationship and achievements in school. Even though the exact etiology of the disorder is still in the middle of active investigation, the availability of pharmacological treatments for the disorder suggest that at least the symptoms of ADHD are manageable. To develop drugs with higher efficacy and fewer side effects, it is essential to have appropriate animal models for in vivo drug screening processes. Good animal models can also provide the chances to improve our understanding of the disease processes as well as the underlying etiology of the disorder. In this review, we summarized current animal models used for ADHD research and discussed the point of concerns about using specific animal models.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2010

This review aimed to assist clinicians in the identification and assessment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with an emphasis on diagnostic and rating instruments. Pubmed and RISS were utilized to identify relevant studies and critical reviews on the diagnosis and assessment of adult ADHD, published between 1988 and 2010. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-v1.1, the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale, and the Current Symptoms Scale have been utilized for self-reporting of current ADHD symptoms. The Brown ADD Rating Scale, the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, the Current Symptoms Scale, and the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale have also been evaluated by an observer. The Childhood Symptom Scale and the Wender-Utah Rating Scale have been used for retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD symptoms and the Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale, the Adult Interview, the Brown ADD Diagnostic Form, the Conners adult ADHD diagnostic interview for DSM-IV, and the Wender-Reimherr Interview have been available as comprehensive diagnostic interviews. There is a wide variety of instruments available with respect to adult ADHD. The choice of appropriate instruments is essential for achieving accurate diagnosis and assessment of this disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2023

Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between suicidal behavior and the use of methylphenidate (MPH) or atomoxetine (ATX) in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines were used to conduct a meta-analysis. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale was used to score the quality of the studies. Results: Nine studies were included in this quantitative analysis. The analysis included 602864 patients with ADHD (521125 and 81739 patients were taking methylphenidate [MPH group] and atomoxetine [ATX group], respectively) and 19230 healthy controls. The overall estimates were in the order of the control, MPH, and ATX groups; however, no statistically significant between-group difference was observed in the incidence of events (p=0.553 for control vs. MPH; p=1.000 for control vs. ATX; p=1.000 for MPH vs. ATX). Conclusion: The rate of suicidal behavior was higher in the ADHD groups treated with MPH and ATX than in the control group. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the ADHD groups treated with MPH and ATX, and the control group. Therefore, MPH and ATX did not increase suicidal behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.116-120
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was conducted to re-validate the clinical efficacy of the Korean Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale (K-AARS), which is a self-report scale for ADHD in adults, and to determine the clinical utility and cut-off scores of K-AARS. Methods: The participants were 135 drug naïve adults with ADHD and 144 healthy controls. To diagnose ADHD based on the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, two board-certified pediatric psychiatrists interviewed the participants and completed the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. K-AARS was applied to all participants. K-AARS comprises six clinical subscales, one impairment subscale, and one driving behavior subscale. The receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted to calculate the cut-off scores of K-AARS. Results: All subscale scores, including six clinical subscale, impairment subscale, and driving behavior subscale scores, were found to be significant in distinguishing adults with ADHD from healthy controls. The sensitivity and specificity of the six clinical subscales were 63.0-77.0% and 66.7-79.9%, respectively. The combined total score of the six clinical subscales, had a sensitivity of 80.0% and specificity of 79.9%. Conclusion: The discriminative power of K-AARS for the diagnosis of ADHD in adults was excellent, and K-AARS and the empirical diagnosis of adults can be useful in diagnosing ADHD in adulthood.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.56-72
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• 2020

목적 : 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ADHD)의 증상을 완화시키는데 있어 부모 훈련 중재(Parent Training Intervention)의 효과를 분석하고 어떠한 효과가 있는지 그 근거를 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법 : 2009년부터 2019년까지 10년간 해외 학술지에 게재된 문헌을 Proquest, Scopus 데이터베이스를 통하여 수집하였다. 검색용어는 (ADHD OR Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) AND (Parent OR Mother OR Father) AND (Training OR Program OR Therapy OR Intervention) AND (Randomized OR Randomised OR Randomly)를 사용하였다. 연구의 질적 평가를 위해 PEDro척도를 활용하였고, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0을 통해 메타분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 1차 검색된 628개의 연구를 확인하였고, 최종 20개의 논문을 선정하였다. ADHD 아동에 대한 부모 훈련 중재의 전체효과크기(0.431) 및 부모 대상 중재(0.391), 부모-아동 대상 중재(0.639)는 모두 중간 효과크기로 나타났다. 부모 대상 중재는 ADHD 증상-과잉행동 및 충동성(0.921), 아동 행동(1.075), 아동 정서(0.834)에서 큰 효과크기가 나타났으며, 부모-아동 대상 중재는 ADHD 증상-과잉행동 및 충동성(0.922), 아동 정서(1.335), 반항성 및 품행장애(2.555), 학교 기능 및 사회기술(0.990)에서 큰 효과크기가 나타났다. 이질성 검정 결과 유의미한 결과가 나타나 랜덤효과모형을 선택하였다. 결론 : 부모 훈련 중재가 ADHD 아동의 증상에 미치는 효과를 알 수 있었다. 이는 작업치료사에게 임상적 근거를 제공하기 위한 근거 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 추후에는 국내실정에 맞는 부모 훈련 중재와 관련된 다양한 연구들이 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.544-551
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary factors associated with characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in upper-grade elementary school students. The study subjects were 397 students, and 52% of total study subjects were boys. The risk for developing ADHD was assessed by using a DSM-IV questionnaire. Boy's ADHD score was higher than that of girls (p<0.001). Subjects were divided into two groups according to the median of the ADHD score in boys and girls. The high ADHD score group showed higher frequency of skipping breakfast and a lower score for good dietary habits, as compared to the normal group. Further, the high ADHD score group showed higher frequency of processed food intake with lower frequency of vegetable intake, as compared to the normal group. These results suggest that undesirable eating habits and frequent intake of processed foods may be associated with higher risk of developing ADHD in elementary school students.