• Title/Summary/Keyword: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity

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THE STUDY ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND NEUROLOGICAL FACTORS IN CHRONIC EPILEPTIC CHILDREN (경련 질환 환아의 정신병리와 신경학적 요인과의 관계에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Bung-Nyun;Cho, Soo-Churl;Hwang, Yong-Seung
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.92-109
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    • 1996
  • The objectives of the present study were to provide comprehensive assessment of the impact of epilepsy on the psychological well-being of children with epilepsy and to identify the neurological factors associated with the psychopathology. The participant patients were recruited from the population of children and adolescent aged 7 to 16 attending the OPD of department of pediatric neurology in Seoul National University Hospital in Korea. We exclude mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorder and brain organic pathology. As control group, formal students were chosen and their sex, age, achievement, socioeconomic status were matched to patients. The first author interviewed the children and their family members and obtained the developmental history and family information. We used the following 10 scales for assessing psychological and behavioral problems in patients and their family member. The scales were standardized and their validity and reliability were confirmed before. Parent rating scales : Yale children's inventory, Disruptive behavior disorder scale, Parent's attitude to epilepsy questionnaire, Family environment scale, Symptom check-list-90 revision, Children behavior check-list. Children's self rating scales : Children's depression inventory, Spielberger's state-trait anxiety anxiety, Piers-Harris self-concept inventory and Self-administered Dependency questionnaire for Mother. The result showed the risk factors associated depression were early onset, complex partial seizure, lateralized temporal focal abnormality on EEG, Drug polypharmacy, high seizure frequency and sick factors associated anxiety were old age of patient, lateralized temporal focal abnormality EEG, Drug polypharmacy, high seizure frequency. Also the result of this present study indicated that risk factors associated oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were young age, male, early onset, lateral temporal EEG abnormality and high seizure frequency. According to these results, common risk factors associated psychological and behavioral problems were lateralized EEG temporal abnormality, high seizure frequency in neurological factors.

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The Effects of Music Therapy Program on Problem Behaviors and Social Skills Children with ADHD (음악치료 프로그램이 ADHD 성향 아동의 문제행동 개선과 사회적 기술향상에 미치는 효과)

  • Shin, Ji Hye;Yoon, Duk Sun
    • Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.137-158
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    • 2011
  • This study is to investigate the effect of music therapy Program on Problem Behaviors and Social Skills Children with ADHD. The participants of the study were first and second graders in B elementary school in J city. They were observed in unsuitable behavioral patterns in school life by their homeroom teachers. Fifteen participants were divided into control and experimental group: The control group was eight and the experimental group was seven. Group music therapy was conducted two times a week for seven-week period. It took 35-40 minutes per therapy after school. Child Behavior Checklist-Korean, Social Skills Rating System, Social Acceptance were administered in pre- and post-stages. For the analysis of the data, Mann-Whitney U test was used. The findings from the research are summarized as follows: 1) The experimental group who was treated in music therapy showed a positive effect on problem behaviors. That is to say, the participants in the experimental group improved in emotional and cognitive stability while they significantly decreased attack behaviors; 2) The experimental group statistically showed significant improvement in their social behaviors compared to the control group. The music therapy group significantly increased social skills such as cooperation, self-assertion, and self-control. However, they did not improve responsibility as social skills in a significant manner; and 3) The experimental group showed higher degree of social acceptance than the control group. However, the result did not show a significant difference between the groups. In conclusion, the study proved positive effects of music therapy on ADHD children's uncarefulness, attack behaviors, and social skills for seven-week experimental period.

Factors Related to Poor School Performance of Elementary School Children (국민학교아동의 학습부진에 관련된 요인)

  • Park, Jung-Han;Kim, Gui-Yeon;Her, Kyu-Sook;Lee, Ju-Young;Kim, Doo-Hie
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.26 no.4 s.44
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    • pp.628-649
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    • 1993
  • This study was conducted to investigate the factors related to the poor school performance of the elementary school children. Two schools in Taegu, one in the affluent area and the other in the poor area, were selected and a total of 175 children whose school performance was within low 10 percentile (poor performers) and 97 children whose school performance were within high 5 percentile (good performers) in each class of 2nd, 4th and 6th grades were tested for the physical health, behavioral problem and family background. Each child had gone through a battery of tests including visual and hearing acuity, anthropometry (body weight, height, head circumference), intelligence (Kodae Stanford-Binet test), test anxiety (TAI-K), neurologic examination by a developmental pediatrician and heavy metal content (Pb, Cd, Zn) in hair by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A questionnaire was administered to the mothers for prenatal and prenatal courses of the child, family environment, child's developmental history, and child's behavioral and learning problems. Another questionnaire was administered to the teachers of the children for the child's family background, arithmatic & language abilities and behavioral problem. The poor school performance had a significant correlation with male gender, high birth order, broken home, low educational and occupational levels of parents, visual problem, high test anxiety score, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), poor physical growth (weight, height, head circumference) and low I.Q. score. The factors that had a significant correlation with the poor school performance in multiple logistic regression analysis were child's birth order (odds ratio=2.06), male gender(odds ratio=5.91), broken home(odds ratio=9.29), test anxiety score(odds ratio=1.07), ADHD (odds ratio=9.67), I.Q. score (odds ratio=0.85) and height less than Korean standard mean-1S.D.(odds ratio=11.12). The heavy metal contents in hair did not show any significant correlation with poor school performance. However the lead and cadmium contents were high in males than in females. The lead content was negatively correlated with child's grade(P<0.05) and zinc was positively correlated with grade (P<0.05). among the factors that showed a significant correlation with the poor school performance, high birth order, short stature and ADHD may be modified by a good family planning, good feeding practice for infant and child, and early detection and treatment of ADHD. Also, teacher and parents should restrain themselves from inducing excessive test anxiety by forcing the child to study and over-expecting beyond the child's intellectual capability.

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Temperament and Character Patterns of ADHD Children in a Community (지역사회 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동의 기질 및 성격 특성)

  • Cho Soo-Churl;Kim Boong-Nyun;Jung Dong-Sun;Hwang Jun-Won;Shin Min-Sup;Lyoo In-Kyoon;Kim Jae-Won;Go Bock-Ja;Lee Sang-Eun;Jung Sun-Woo;Kim Hyo-Won
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.124-130
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    • 2006
  • Objectives : The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in patterns of temperament and character, as assessed by the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI), between the children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the control group in a community sample. In addition, we examined the potential differences on JTCI profiles according to the ADHD subtypes. Methods : Parents of 185 ADHD subjects (mean age $9.0{\pm}1.7$ years), as diagnosed by the DISC-IV, and 185 age- and gender-matched comparison children have completed the parent's version of the JTCI. Results : The ADHD group scored significantly higher in Novelty Seeking and lower in Persistence than the comparison group on JTCI. However, there were no significant differences in the temperament or character profiles by the ADHD subtypes. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that the temperamental factors of higher Novelty Seeking and lower Persistence are related to ADHD. The temperament or character profiles in this study do not provide support for the distinctiveness of the ADHD subtypes.

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Parental Alcohol Problems and Children's Behavior & Psychosocial Characteristics (부모의 음주문제와 자녀의 행동 및 심리사회적 특성)

  • Kim, Seok-Hyeong;Koo, Min-Seong;Oh, Dong-Yul;Park, Il-Ho;Lee, Kang-Soo;Kim, Ji-Yeon;Song, Jung-Eun
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.162-168
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    • 2011
  • Objectives: Alcohol problems of parents have an influence on not only their psychological problems but also on their children's psychosocial adaptation. The purpose of this study was to compare the emotional and behavioral problems, including school bullying and social skills, between children of alcoholics (COAs) and children of non-alcoholics (non-COAs). Methods: We recruited $4^{th}$ grade children (n=741) from 7 primary schools in Seoul and their parents as subjects. The self-rated psychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Korean version of the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST-K), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale (RSES), the School Bullying Scale, the Social Skill Rating Scale and the Korean version of Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire-Adolescent (AEQ-A). The Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ARS) was completed by the parents. Results: 518 children were non-COAs and 223 were COAs. The COAs showed higher CDI and ARS-IV scores and lower RSES scores than the non-COAs. Especially, the COAs also showed higher school bullying scale scores and lower cooperative scale scores on the social skill rating scales. But there was no difference of alcohol expectancy between the COAs and non-COAs. Conclusion: It was plausible that the COAs had more behavioral & psychosocial problems than the non-COAs among the school aged children. It is important to identify and intervene to solve the problems of peer relationships of school age COAs in order to prevent victimization by bullying and to improve psychosocial adaptation.

Research Trends in the Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration from 2013 to 2022 (대한감각통합치료학회지의 연구동향: 2013~2022년)

  • Hong, Eunkyoung
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.58-68
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    • 2023
  • Objective : This study aimed to analyze papers published in the Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration over the past 10 years. Methods : This study analyzed 130 papers published in the Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration from June 2013 to December 2022. The data analysis was performed by dividing the papers based on the researchers' region and affiliation, research type(s), level of evidence, participants, and field of research. Results : The researchers were mostly from the Gyeongsang-do region and universities. With regard to the type of research, descriptive research was the most common. Most studies were categorized as research level IV studies. Moreover, the number of level IV studies steadily increased on a year-by-year basis. Regarding the study participants, the studies most commonly concerned the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In terms of the field of study, the application of individual sensory integration therapy was most common, while the application of modified applications such as Ayres Sensory Integration® and remote sensory integration therapy programs was also noted. Conclusion : This study examined the recent research trends in the Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration by analyzing the research type(s), level of evidence, participants, and field of research. The present results will help readers understand the research trends in the field of sensory integration therapy and pediatric intervention, and they will also contribute to the amount of evidence available.

CLINICAL STUDY OF THE ABUSE IN PSYCHIATRICALLY HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS (소아청소년 정신과병동 입원아동의 학대에 대한 임상 연구)

  • Lee, Soo-Kyung;Hong, Kang-E
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.145-157
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    • 1999
  • This study was performed by the children and adolescents who were abused or neglected physically, emotionally that were selected in child & adolescents psychiatric ward. We investigated the number of these case in admitted children & adolescents, and also observed characteristics of symptoms, developmental history, characteristics of abuse style, characteristics of abusers, family dynamics and psychopathology. We hypothesized that all kinds of abuse will influnced to emotional, behavioral problems, developmental courses on victims, interactive effects on family dynamics and psychopathology. That subjects were 22 persons of victims who be determined by clinical observation and clinical note. The results of the study were as follows:1) Demographic characteristics of victims:ratio of sex was 1:6.3(male:female), mean age was $11.1{\pm}2.5$. According to birth order, lst was 12(54.5%), 2nd was 5(23%), 3rd was 2(9%) and only child was 3(13.5%). 2) Characteristics of family:According to socioeconomic status, middle to high class was 3(13.5%), middle one was 9(41.% ), middle to low one was 9(41%), low one was 1(0.5%). according to number of family, under the 3 person was 3(13.5%), 4-5 was 17(77.5%), 6-7 was 2(9%). according to marital status of parents, divorce or seperation were 5(23%), remarriage 2(9%), severe marital discord was 19(86.5%). In father, antisocial behavior was 7(32%), alcohol dependence was 10(45.5%). In mother, alcohol abuse was 5(23%), depression was 17(77.3%), history of psychiatric management was 6(27%). 3) Characteristics of abuse:Physical abuse was 18(81.8%), physical and emotional abuse and neglect were 4(18.2%). according to onset of abuse, before 3 years was 15(54.5%), 3-6 years was 5(27.5%), schooler was 1(15%). Only father offender was 2(19%), only mother offender was 8(35.4%), both offender was 8(35.4%), accompaning with spouse abuse was 7(27%), and accompaning with other sibling abuse was 4(18.2%). 4) General characteristics and developmental history of victims:Unwanted baby was 12(54.5%), developmental delay before abuse was9(41%), comorbid developmental disorder was 15(68%). there were 6(27.5%) who didn‘t show definite sign of developmental delay before abuse. 5) Main diagnosis and comorbid diagnosis:According to main diagnosis, conduct disorder 6(27.3%), borderline child 5(23%), depression4(18%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) 4(18%), pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified 2(9%), selective mutism 1(5%). According to comorbid diagnosis, ADHD, borderline intelligence, mental retardation, learning disorder, developmental language disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, chronic tic disorder, functional enuresis and encoporesis, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, personality disorder due to medical condition. 5) Course of treatment:A mean duration of admission was $2.4{\pm}1.5$ months. 11(15%) showed improvement of symtoms, however 11(50%) was not changed of symtoms.

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The Cognitive Performance, Emotional and Behavioral Problems of the Children with ADHD Showing the Difference between Visual and Auditory Attention (시각 주의력과 청각 주의력의 차이를 보이는 주의력 결핍.과잉활동장애 아동의 인지기능과 정서 및 행동 문제)

  • Son, Jung Woo
    • Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.70-81
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    • 2006
  • Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of the cognitive performance, emotional and behavioral problems among the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) groups that show the difference between visual and auditory attention. Method : Using 'ADHD Diagnostic System(ADS)', visual attention and auditory attention of 98 children diagnosed as ADHD were measured. According to the omission and commission error of ADS, they were divided into three groups ; 1) the group whose each visual omission and commission error scores were higher than each auditory omission and commission error scores(VV group), 2) the group whose each auditory omission and commission error scores were higher than each visual omission and commission error scores(AA group), 3) the group that was the rest of VV and AA group(M group). And the results of both the subscales of Korean Educational Development Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(KEDI-WISC) and the subscales of Korean Child Behavior Checklist(K-CBCL) among three groups were compared. Finally, the correlation between the visual omission, visual commission, auditory omission, auditory commission error and the results of KEDI-WISC, K-CBCL were investigated. Results : The results were as follows ; 1) In 98 ADHD children, the number of VV group(N=56) was higher than that of AA (N=10) and M group (N=32). 2) All mean scores of the subscales of KEDI-WISC of VV group were higher than those of M and AA group. The score of verbal IQ(p=.039) of VV group was significantly higher than that of AA group and the scores of block design(p=.015), Kaufman's factor 2(p=.045), performance IQ(p=.004) were significantly higher than those of M group. The score of full IQ(p=.004) were significantly higher than that of M and AA group. 3) The mean scores of all K-CBCL subscales of VV group were higher than those of M and AA group, except the score of Somatic complaint subscale. The score of Social subscale(p=.041) of VV group was significantly higher than that of AA group. The score of Withdrawn subscale(p=.021) of AA group was significantly higher than that of VV group. 4) There were no significant correlation between the scores of visual omission/commission error and those of each subscale of KEDI-WISC. But, there were many significant correlations between the scores of auditory omission/commission error and those of each subscale of KEDI-WISC. 5) There were significant correlation between the score of the visual omission error and that of Thought problem subscale(r=.205, p=.043) of K-CBCL. There were significant correlation between the scores of the auditory omission error and those of Social subscale(r=-.319, p=.001), Social problems subscale(r=.206, p=.042), Thought problem subscale(r=.235, p=.021). Finally, there were significant correlation between the scores of auditory commission error and those of Social subscale(r=-.241, p=.017), Thought problem subscale(r=.235, p=.020). Conclusion : The ADHD children whose auditory attention ability were higher than visual attention ability had relatively better cognitive performance and less emotional/behavioral problems than the others. The more comprehensive experiment will be needed about the cognitive performance, emotion and behavior problems of the ADHD children showing the difference between visual and auditory attention.

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Analysis of $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ Brain SPECT images in Boys and Girls ADHD using Statistical Parametric Mapping(SPM) (통계적 파라미터지도 작성법(SPM)을 이용한 남여별 ADHD환자의 뇌 SPECT 영상비교분석)

  • Park, Soung-Ock;Kwon, Soo-Il
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.31-41
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    • 2004
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood, especially school age children and persisting into adult. ADHD is affected 7.6% in our children, Korea. and persisting into $15{\sim}20%$ in adult. And it is characterized by hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity. Brain imaging is one of way to diagnosis for ADHD. Brain imaging studies may be provide information two types - structural and functional imaging. Structural and functional images of the brain play an important role in management of neurologic and psyciatric disorders. Brain SPECT, with perfusion imaging radiopharmaceuticals is one of the appropriate test to diagnosis of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. Ther are a few studies about separated analysis between boys and girls ADHD SPECT brain images. Selection of Probability level(P-value) is very important to determind the abnormalities when analysis a data by SPM. SPM is a statistical method used for image analysis and determine statistical different between two groups-normal and ADHD. Commonly used P-value is P<0.05 in statistical analysis. The purpose of this study is to evaluation of blood flow clusters distribution, between boys and girls ADHD. The number of normal boys are 8(6-7y, average : $9.6{\pm}3.9y$) and 51(4-11y, average : $9.0{\pm}2.4$) ADHD patients, and normal girls are 4(6-12y, average : $9{\pm}2.4y$) and 13(2-13y, average $10{\pm}3.5y$) ADHD patiens. Blood flow tracer $^{99m}Tc-ethylcysteinate$ dimer(ECD) injected as rCBF agent and take blood flow images after 30 min. during sleeping by SPECT camera. The anatomical region of hyperperfusion of rCBF in boys ADHD group is posterior cingulate gyrus and hyperperfusion rate is 15.39-15.77% according to p-value. And girls ADHD group appears at posterior cerebellum, Lt. cerbral limbic lobe and Lt. Rt. cerebral temporal lobe. These areas hyperperfusion rate are 24.68-31.25%. Hypoperfusion areas in boys ADHD,s brain are Lt. cerebral insular gyrus, Lt. Rt. frontal lobe and mid-prefrontal lobe, these areas decresed blood flow as 15.21-15.64%. Girls ADHD decreased blood flow regions are Lt. cerebral insular gyrus, Lt. cerebral frontal and temporal lobe, Lt. Rt. lentiform nucleus and Lt. parietal lobe. And hypoperfusion rate is 30.57-30.85% in girls ADHD. The girls ADHD group's perfusion rate is more variable than boys. The studies about rCBF in ADHD, should be separate with boys and girls.

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The Side Effects and Correlates of OROS-Methylphenidate in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents with ADHD (ADHD 환자에 대한 OROS-Methylphenidate 약물치료의 부작용과 관련요인들에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Jin-Sun;Kim, Bung-Nyun;Cho, Soo-Churl;Shin, Min-Sup;Yoo, Hee-Jeong;Kim, Jae-Won;Song, Dong-Ho;Shin, Dong-Won;Joung, Yoo-Sook;Cheon, Keun-Ah;Shin, Yee-Jin;Kim, Ye-Ni;Ha, Eun-Hye
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.63-71
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    • 2010
  • Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the clinical and demographic variables such as body weight, dosage, family history of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and psychiatric co-morbidity on the side-effects of OROS-Methylphenidate (OROS-MPH), and to evaluate the relationship between drug response and side effect severity. Methods : A total of 144 children (ages 6-18) with diagnosed ADHD were treated with OROS-MPH. Children were examined at baseline and after 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks of each treatment condition. The stimulant drug side effect rating scale (SERS), pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and electrocardiogram (ECG) were evaluated to assess side effect profiles. Changes in these parameters from baseline were examined and analyzed. Results : Anorexia (30.95%) and insomnia (13.10%) were the most commonly reported side effects during this study. Insomnia and loss of appetite score increased at one week follow-up, but was sustained or decreased as treatment progressed. Small but significant increases in pulse rate and diastolic blood pressure were observed during treatment ; however, no clinically meaningful changes in ECG parameters were noted during the study. Low body weight, high dosage of OROS-MPH, and family history of ADHD were associated with cardiovascular side effect. In contrast, there was no significant relationship between OROS-MPH treatment response and the severity of side effect and no difference resulted between the responder and non-responder groups with respect to OROS-MPH dosage in the 12 weeks of follow-up. Conclusion : To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first Korean study to investigate comprehensive side effect profiles and their correlates in OROS-MPH treatment for ADHD children. OROS-MPH was well tolerated with no clinically significant side effects during the treatment period. In conclusion, low body weight, high dosage of OROSMPH, and family history of ADHD could be used as predictive factors in increasing pulse rate and blood pressure.